The Balance of Independence and Honor: Mencius on Scholars and Rulers

Translation:

Wan Zhang asked, “Why do scholars not depend on the feudal lords?”

Mencius replied, “It is out of respect. A feudal lord who loses his state and then seeks refuge with another feudal lord is acceptable within social norms. However, it is inappropriate for scholars to depend on feudal lords.”

Wan Zhang inquired further, “If the ruler offers them grain, can they accept it?”

Mencius answered, “They can accept it.”

Wan Zhang asked, “What kind of action is this acceptance?”

Mencius explained, “Rulers are also obliged to help wandering commoners.”

Wan Zhang then questioned, “Why accept aid but not rewards?”

Mencius responded, “It is a matter of respect.”

Wan Zhang pressed, “Why is it disrespectful?”

Mencius elaborated, “Gatekeepers and watchmen have specific duties and receive a salary for their work. Accepting rewards from a ruler without such duties is disrespectful.”

Wan Zhang continued, “If the ruler offers gifts, can they accept them regularly?”

Mencius answered, “Duke Mu of Lu sent food to Zisi multiple times, but Zisi was displeased. Eventually, he turned the messenger away and knelt to the north, refusing the gifts, saying, ‘Now I realize the ruler treats me like a mere animal.’ From that point on, the gifts ceased. True admiration for scholars is not shown through superficial rewards without genuine respect and proper employment.”

Wan Zhang asked, “How should rulers properly support scholars?”

Mencius replied, “Proper support involves sending gifts in the name of the ruler, with the scholar respectfully accepting them. Regular provisions should then come from officials responsible for food and supplies, not directly from the ruler. Zisi found it inappropriate to bow repeatedly for small portions of food, feeling it was not a proper way to support a scholar. Emperor Yao, for example, had his nine sons serve Shun and gave two of his daughters in marriage to him, providing Shun with officials, livestock, and storage, thereby supporting him adequately before elevating him to a high position. This is how a ruler should truly respect and support scholars.”

Analysis:

This passage from “Mencius – Wan Zhang II” features a conversation between Mencius and his disciple Wan Zhang. The dialogue explores the relationship between scholars and rulers, delving into the proper ways to respect and support scholars while preserving their independence and dignity. Through this dialogue, Mencius illustrates his deep understanding of the Confucian concept of “li” (礼), or propriety, and underscores the importance of the scholars’ independent spirit.

The Independence of Scholars

Mencius begins by emphasizing that scholars should maintain their independence from feudal lords. This independence is crucial for preserving their dignity and self-respect. In contrast to feudal lords who may need to rely on each other in times of political instability, scholars should not compromise their principles for material gain. This stance reflects the Confucian ideal that true scholars pursue higher moral and intellectual goals rather than seeking wealth or status.

Accepting Aid vs. Accepting Rewards

Mencius makes a clear distinction between accepting aid and accepting rewards. When a ruler offers grain to a scholar, it is a form of necessary support akin to aiding a commoner in need. However, accepting rewards implies a transactional relationship that could undermine the scholar’s independence and integrity. By maintaining this distinction, Mencius upholds the principle that scholars should not be beholden to rulers for their livelihood, preserving their moral autonomy.

The Story of Zisi and Duke Mu of Lu

The story of Zisi and Duke Mu of Lu illustrates the consequences of improper support. Zisi’s rejection of repeated gifts from the Duke highlights the importance of genuine respect and appropriate means of support. Zisi felt that accepting such gifts demeaned his status and independence, reducing him to a state of dependency unworthy of a true scholar. This story serves as a powerful example of how scholars should be treated with respect that goes beyond material offerings.

Proper Support and Respect

Mencius concludes by outlining the proper way for rulers to support scholars. True respect involves more than just material gifts; it requires a structured system that allows scholars to maintain their dignity while receiving necessary support. The example of Emperor Yao and Shun demonstrates this principle in action. Yao’s comprehensive support for Shun, including personal service and resources, allowed Shun to thrive and eventually take on greater responsibilities. This approach ensures that scholars can focus on their intellectual and moral pursuits without compromising their principles.

This passage from Mencius highlights the delicate balance between providing necessary support and maintaining the independence and dignity of scholars. Mencius’ insights into the proper ways for rulers to respect and support scholars reflect his deep understanding of Confucian values and the importance of propriety in social relationships. By emphasizing the scholars’ independence and the appropriate means of support, Mencius provides a timeless lesson on the ethics of governance and the role of intellectuals in society.

In contemporary terms, Mencius’ teachings remind us of the importance of integrity and moral purpose in all professional and personal endeavors. The principles of independence, respect, and appropriate support are as relevant today as they were in ancient China, offering valuable guidance for maintaining ethical standards in various aspects of life.