The Virtue of Ancient Sages
: A Chinese Perspective
In the grand narrative of Chinese philosophy, the virtue and wisdom of ancient sages have always been held in the highest esteem. Figures such as Confucius (Kongzi) and Mencius (Mengzi) are celebrated for their profound insights and steadfast principles. Their teachings have shaped Chinese culture and continue to influence contemporary thought. This essay explores the enduring legacy of these sages and their relevance to both ancient and modern contexts.
The Unyielding Spirit of Confucius and Mencius
Confucius and Mencius are revered for their dedication to cultivating moral integrity and righteousness. Confucius is known for his “unyielding spirit” (抗浮云之志), which symbolizes his steadfast commitment to his principles, despite external pressures. Mencius, on the other hand, is celebrated for nurturing a “magnanimous spirit” (养浩然之气), reflecting his deep sense of moral duty and inner strength. These qualities exemplify the highest ideals of Confucian philosophy, which emphasizes the cultivation of virtue and the importance of moral self-improvement.
The Han Dynasty: A Golden Era of Moral Governance
The text highlights the era of the Han Dynasty as a period of moral and political restoration. The Han rulers are depicted as having swept away corruption and restored order, much like the legendary rulers of ancient times. The metaphor of the emperor’s influence being as pervasive and nurturing as the sun, the sea, and springtime (炎之如日，威之如神，函之如海，养之如春) emphasizes the ideal of a benevolent and all-encompassing rule. This era is portrayed as one where the emperor’s virtue radiates throughout the realm, ensuring harmony and prosperity.
Harmony with the Natural Order
In this harmonious state, all living things flourish as they align with the natural order. The analogy of plants and animals thriving in their respective environments (譬犹草木之殖山林，鸟鱼之毓川泽) illustrates the importance of adhering to the natural laws and virtues. This reflects the Confucian belief that harmony in society is achieved when individuals cultivate their virtues and fulfill their roles within the natural order.
The Limitations of Comparing Different Eras
The text criticizes the tendency to compare the current era with the chaotic times of the Warring States period. Such comparisons are likened to using limited knowledge to gauge the vastness of Mount Tai or the depth of the abyss (怀氿滥而测深乎重渊). This serves as a reminder that each era has its unique challenges and should be understood within its own context.
The Exemplary Conduct of Ancient Sages
The conduct of ancient sages like Yao, Shun, and the Duke of Zhou is highlighted as exemplary. These figures are praised for their ability to offer sage advice and contribute to the well-being of the state. Their wisdom and moral integrity are seen as timeless virtues that transcend the ages. For instance, the Duke of Zhou is renowned for his humility and willingness to serve, setting a standard for future generations.
The Contributions of Later Scholars
The text also acknowledges the contributions of later scholars such as Lu Jia, Dong Zhongshu, Liu Xiang, and Yang Xiong. These scholars are celebrated for their deep understanding of classical texts and their ability to apply this knowledge to contemporary issues. Their works, such as “New Words” (新语) by Lu Jia and “The Law of Yang” (法言) and “Great Mystery” (大玄) by Yang Xiong, are considered essential readings for those seeking to understand and apply the wisdom of the ancients.
The Essence of True Virtue
True virtue, the text asserts, is not merely about outward appearances but about aligning oneself with the fundamental principles of the universe. This idea is encapsulated in the saying, “One yin and one yang, this is the way of Heaven” (一阴一阳，天地之方). The balance of yin and yang represents the dynamic harmony of the cosmos, and living in accordance with this balance is the essence of virtue.
The Enduring Relevance of Ancient Wisdom
The text concludes by emphasizing the enduring relevance of ancient wisdom. Just as precious gems like the He Shi jade and the pearl of Suihou retain their value regardless of the passing ages, the virtue and wisdom of the sages remain timeless. The metaphor of the hidden dragon, which eventually soars to great heights, illustrates the idea that true talent and virtue will ultimately be recognized and rewarded.
In summary, the teachings of Confucius, Mencius, and other ancient sages offer profound insights into the nature of virtue and the principles of good governance. Their emphasis on moral cultivation, harmony with the natural order, and the importance of sage advice continues to resonate in contemporary society. By reflecting on these timeless principles, we can gain a deeper understanding of the enduring values that have shaped Chinese culture and continue to inspire individuals and leaders around the world.