Sima Xiangru: The Romantic Poet of Chengdu

Sima Xiangru, a renowned poet and musician from Chengdu, is one of China’s most celebrated historical figures. His life, marked by artistic brilliance and romantic escapades, offers a fascinating glimpse into the cultural and social dynamics of ancient China. This article explores the life and times of Sima Xiangru, focusing on his romantic pursuits and literary contributions.

Early Life and Education

Sima Xiangru, originally named Sima Zichang, was born in Chengdu, the capital of the Shu region. From a young age, he exhibited a keen interest in literature and swordsmanship. The latter was a common pastime among the youth of his time, reflecting a combination of martial and literary pursuits that defined the ideal gentleman. His parents affectionately nicknamed him “Puppy” due to their love and care for him.

Rising Through the Ranks

As a young man, Sima Xiangru admired the legendary diplomat Lin Xiangru and adopted the name “Xiangru” in his honor. His talents soon earned him a position as a court attendant under Emperor Jing of Han. However, the emperor’s disinterest in literary arts led Sima to seek opportunities elsewhere. He found a patron in Prince Xiao of Liang, a known lover of literature, who welcomed scholars and writers to his court.

During his time at the Liang court, Sima Xiangru composed the famous “Fu on the Beautiful Woman,” a piece that showcased his mastery of the rhapsodic fu form. This work solidified his reputation as a gifted poet and helped him gain the patronage of powerful figures.

The Romantic Saga: Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun

One of the most romanticized stories in Chinese literature involves Sima Xiangru and Zhuo Wenjun, a wealthy widow from a prominent family in Linqiong. The narrative begins with Sima, now living in Linqiong under the patronage of the local magistrate Wang Ji, being invited to a banquet hosted by the wealthy merchant Zhuo Wangsun, Wenjun’s father.

At the banquet, Sima’s talent with the qin (a traditional Chinese musical instrument) caught the attention of Zhuo Wenjun, who was known for her love of music. Sima played a song titled “Phoenix Seeking His Mate,” subtly expressing his admiration for Wenjun. Moved by his performance, Wenjun decided to pursue a relationship with him, despite societal norms that frowned upon remarriage for widows.

That night, Wenjun eloped with Sima Xiangru, defying her father’s wishes. The couple faced financial difficulties as Sima had no substantial means of income. To support themselves, they opened a small wine shop, with Wenjun serving as the hostess. This humble life was a stark contrast to Wenjun’s previous wealth, yet it was marked by deep affection and mutual respect.

A Return to Prominence

The couple’s story did not end in poverty. Eventually, Zhuo Wangsun, shamed by his daughter’s situation and convinced by his sons, provided Wenjun with a substantial dowry, including a significant sum of money and a hundred servants. This support allowed Sima Xiangru and Wenjun to return to Chengdu and live comfortably.

Sima Xiangru’s fortunes improved dramatically when he was summoned to the Han court. Emperor Wu of Han, having read Sima’s works, particularly “Zixu Fu,” was deeply impressed. The emperor invited Sima to the capital, where he was tasked with writing “Shanglin Fu,” a grand depiction of the emperor’s hunting expeditions. This work was a subtle critique of the emperor’s extravagant lifestyle, cleverly disguised within praise, highlighting Sima’s skill in using literature as a tool for political commentary.

Legacy and Influence

Sima Xiangru’s contributions to Chinese literature and culture are immeasurable. His mastery of the fu form influenced countless poets and writers. His life, particularly the romantic story with Zhuo Wenjun, became a symbol of true love and intellectual partnership in Chinese culture. Their story is celebrated in literature, opera, and modern media, illustrating the enduring appeal of their love story.

Moreover, Sima Xiangru’s works reflect the complex interplay of art, politics, and society in ancient China. His ability to navigate the court’s intricacies, using his literary talents to gain favor and influence, showcases the power of art as a means of political expression.

Sima Xiangru’s life is a testament to the enduring power of literature and music. His romantic escapades, particularly with Zhuo Wenjun, add a human dimension to his literary achievements, making him a beloved figure in Chinese cultural history. Through his works, Sima Xiangru continues to inspire generations of readers and artists, embodying the timeless spirit of Chinese poetry and romance.