Ancient Wisdom for Modern Governance: Embracing Zhou Rituals and Rejecting Corruption

Yan Yuan asked about governing a state. The Master said, “In the Xia dynasty (1), the chariot of the Yin dynasty (2), the cap of the Zhou dynasty (3), the music of Shao (4). Put away (5) the music of Zheng (6), and keep away (7) from the people of the state of Zheng. The music of Zheng is lewd, and the people of the state of Zheng are in danger (8).”

[Notes] (1) Xia dynasty: The Xia dynasty’s calendar was convenient for agricultural production. (2) Yin’s chariot: Chariot, pronounced lù, is the chariot used by the emperor. The chariots of the Yin Dynasty were made of wood and were relatively simple. (3) Zhou’s hat: The hat of the Zhou Dynasty. (4) Shao dance: The dance music of the Shun Dynasty, which Confucius considered perfect. (5) Fang: To prohibit, reject, or abandon. (6) Zheng’s music: The music of the Zheng Kingdom, which Confucius considered obscene. (7) Yuan: To stay away from. (8) Dài: dangerous.

[Translation] Yan Yuan asked how to govern a country. Confucius said, “Use the calendar of the Xia Dynasty, ride the chariot of the Yin Dynasty, wear the hat of the Zhou Dynasty, play the music of Shào, ban the music of the Zheng Dynasty, and keep away from the eloquent and persuasive. The music of the Zheng Dynasty is frivolous and indecent, and the flatterers are too dangerous.”

[Commentary] Here, Confucius is still talking about the principles of life. The calendar of the Xia Dynasty was conducive to agricultural production, the carts of the Yin Dynasty were simple and practical, the hats of the Zhou Dynasty were beautiful, and the music of Shao was beautiful and moving. This was Confucius’ ideal way of life. When it comes to the issue of etiquette, he still advocates “restoring etiquette,” but of course it is not the more ancient the better, but rather a matter of choice. In addition, it is necessary to ban the music of the decadent and to distance oneself from flatterers.

In exploring how to govern effectively, Confucius offers timeless wisdom that remains relevant today. When Yan Yuan inquired about the best way to rule a state, Confucius outlined a method based on ancient principles, reflecting a deep understanding of governance, culture, and morality. His advice can be distilled into several key practices:

Adopt Ancient Calendars: Confucius recommends using the agricultural calendar of the Xia Dynasty. This calendar, designed to align with agricultural cycles, ensures that governance supports and enhances agricultural productivity, which was crucial in ancient China and remains vital in modern times.

Use Modest Transportation: He suggests emulating the transportation methods of the Shang Dynasty, known for their simplicity and practicality. The wooden chariots of Shang China were less ostentatious than later designs, promoting a culture of humility and functionality over luxury.

Wear Ritual Attire: The ceremonial headgear of the Zhou Dynasty represents an adherence to tradition and respect for established norms. Confucius emphasizes the importance of maintaining the dignity and reverence associated with traditional rituals, reflecting stability and respect for cultural heritage.

Embrace Beautiful Music: The music of the Xia Dynasty, particularly the ‘Shao’ music, is highlighted for its excellence. This represents not only the aesthetic value of music but also its role in elevating moral standards and cultural values.

Reject Corrupt Influences: Confucius advises against the indulgent and corrupt music of the Zheng state and warns of the dangers of flattery and deceitful individuals. This guidance underscores the need for leaders to distance themselves from harmful influences and maintain integrity in their administration.

By incorporating these practices, Confucius advocates for a governance style that blends ancient wisdom with practical applications. His principles emphasize the importance of cultural respect, simplicity, and moral integrity, all of which are essential for effective leadership.

In modern governance, these lessons can still guide leaders in creating a just and prosperous society. The blend of respect for tradition, practical simplicity, and moral vigilance forms a robust framework for achieving effective and ethical leadership.