Confucius: A Paragon of Diplomacy and Humility in Ancient China

10·5 Holding the jade scepter (1), he bowed as if he could not bear it. He greeted the superior as if he were shaking hands, and greeted the inferior as if he were giving an order. He looks as if he is about to fight, his feet are shuffling, and he seems to be walking along a straight line. When he is presented with a gift, he looks calm and composed. When he is receiving an audience, he looks happy and content.

[Notes]

(1) Gui: a jade object with a rounded top and a square bottom. Different people held different gui during ceremonies. When a high-ranking official was sent on a diplomatic mission to a neighboring country, he carried a gui as a token of the monarch’s trust.

(2) Zhan se: a look of fear and trepidation.

(3)蹜蹜: walking in small steps.

(4)如有循: 循, along. It is as if walking along a straight line.

(5)享礼: 享, to offer. A ceremony in which gifts are presented to the other party. After the envoy was received, the ceremony of presenting gifts was held.

(6)觌: 音 dí, to meet.

[Translation]

(Confucius was sent on a mission to another state.) He held the gui (a ceremonial staff) respectfully and cautiously, as if he could not lift it. When he raised it, it was as if he was making a bow, and when he lowered it, it was as if he was handing something to someone. His face was solemn and trembling, and his steps were small, as if he were walking along a straight line. When the ceremony of presenting gifts was held, he appeared to be smiling and happy. When he had a private meeting with the king, he was even more relaxed and happy.

Commentary

The above five chapters focus on the words, deeds, appearance, and demeanor of Confucius in the court and in his hometown, leaving a very deep impression. Confucius often had different appearances, expressions, and words and deeds when dealing with different people in different situations. When he was in his hometown, he gave the impression of being a humble, kind and honest man; when he was in the court, he was respectful and dignified, neither subservient nor arrogant, and dared to speak. All of this provides concrete information for people to study Confucius in depth.

In the realm of ancient Chinese diplomacy, Confucius stands as a timeless exemplar of grace, humility, and meticulous adherence to ceremonial propriety. His conduct, as depicted in historical texts, offers invaluable insights into his philosophy and the cultural values of his time. This article delves into a particular episode where Confucius serves as an envoy to another state, demonstrating his remarkable demeanor and the profound respect he commanded.

The Art of Holding the Jade Tablet

Confucius’s journey as an envoy begins with him holding a jade tablet, a symbol of his authority and the trust placed in him by his ruler. This tablet, known as the “Gui,” was not just a piece of jade; it represented the legitimacy and seriousness of his mission. Confucius held the Gui with a profound sense of reverence, his posture reflecting an almost exaggerated caution, as if the tablet’s weight was overwhelming. This careful handling underscored his deep respect for the diplomatic protocols and the significance of his role.

The Subtlety of Movements

As he proceeded, every movement was calculated and deliberate. When raising the Gui, Confucius’s gesture resembled a polite bow, an acknowledgment of the gravity of his task. Lowering it, he mirrored the act of handing something precious to another, emphasizing the responsibility and trust embodied in the Gui. His facial expression was described as stern, almost as if he were shivering with apprehension, reflecting the intense pressure and solemnity of the situation.

Grace in Ceremony

During the ceremonial presentation of gifts, Confucius’s demeanor softened. This part of the ritual, known as the “Xiang Li,” was crucial in building goodwill and showing respect to the host nation. Here, Confucius displayed a welcoming and agreeable countenance, ensuring the presentation was not just a formality but a gesture of genuine goodwill. His ability to switch from a solemn to a more approachable demeanor highlighted his versatility and emotional intelligence.

A Relaxed Encounter with the Monarch

The most intriguing transformation occurred during private audiences with the monarch. In these more intimate settings, Confucius appeared relaxed and amiable, a stark contrast to his earlier sternness. This shift illustrates his adaptability and understanding of different social contexts, allowing him to build personal rapport and foster mutual respect. His ease in conversation during these moments was crucial for successful diplomacy, as it paved the way for open and trusting dialogue.

Conclusion: Lessons from Confucius’s Diplomacy

Confucius’s behavior as an envoy encapsulates the essence of his teachings and the broader values of ancient Chinese society. His ability to modulate his demeanor—from the reverence shown in public ceremonies to the relaxed friendliness in private meetings—demonstrates a profound understanding of human interactions and the importance of context in communication.

For modern readers, especially those interested in diplomacy and cultural history, Confucius’s approach offers timeless lessons. His respect for tradition, careful attention to protocol, and adaptability in different social settings are qualities that remain relevant in today’s complex world of international relations. By studying his actions, we gain a deeper appreciation for the subtleties of ancient Chinese diplomacy and the enduring wisdom of Confucius.