Confucius’ Conduct in Court: Lessons in Respect and Communication

When speaking to a junior official, he is confident and unflappable; when speaking to a senior official, he is modest and respectful. When the king is present, he is humble and respectful.

[Notes]

(1) 侃侃: to speak with confidence and without fear, with a gentle and happy appearance.

(2)訚訚: 音ｙíｎ, 正直, 和颜悦色而又能直言诤辩.

(3)踧踖: 音ｃú ｊí, 恭敬而不安的样子.

(4)与与: 小心谨慎、威仪适中的样子.

Translation

When Confucius was attending court, (before the king arrived) he spoke with the lower-ranking officials in a gentle and happy manner; when he spoke with the higher-ranking officials, he was upright and just; when the king arrived, he was respectful and uneasy, but still moderate in his manner.

In ancient China, the teachings of Confucius have left an indelible mark on society, particularly in how individuals interact with one another in different social contexts. One illustrative example of this is found in a brief yet profound description of Confucius’ behavior during court proceedings. This account not only provides insight into Confucius’ personal conduct but also offers timeless lessons in respect, communication, and social etiquette.

Contextual Adaptation

Confucius was a master of adjusting his demeanor according to the social status and the situational context of his interactions. This ability to modulate his behavior is vividly illustrated in the following scenario:

“Confucius, when attending court sessions, spoke with lower-ranked officials in a manner that was calm and cheerful. With higher-ranked officials, his tone was honest and respectful. In the presence of the ruler, he displayed a demeanor of respectful caution, maintaining a composed yet reverent posture.”

This narrative, though concise, encapsulates a nuanced understanding of social hierarchies and the importance of context in communication.

Warmth and Confidence with Peers

When interacting with lower-ranking officials, Confucius exhibited a demeanor described as “侃侃” (kǎn kǎn). This term implies a manner of speaking that is confident yet pleasant, without any trace of arrogance or submissiveness. It underscores the importance of treating peers with warmth and genuine interest, fostering an environment of mutual respect and open dialogue.

Honesty and Respect with Superiors

In his interactions with higher-ranking officials, Confucius adopted a tone described as “訚訚” (yín yín). This term signifies a manner that is both honest and gentle, balancing directness with a respectful tone. The ability to communicate candidly yet respectfully is crucial in maintaining integrity and trust in professional relationships. It highlights the need for assertiveness tempered with consideration for the position and perspective of others.

Reverence and Composure Before Authority

The presence of the ruler brought about a noticeable change in Confucius’ demeanor, described as “踧踖” (cù jí) and “与与” (yǔ yǔ). These terms convey a sense of respectful caution and measured dignity. In such situations, Confucius demonstrated an awareness of the gravity of the moment, showing deference without losing his composure. This aspect of his behavior teaches the importance of showing proper respect to authority figures while maintaining one’s poise and self-respect.

Timeless Lessons

Confucius’ conduct in these scenarios offers timeless lessons that are applicable even in modern contexts. Whether in a corporate setting, a community meeting, or a family gathering, the principles of adapting one’s communication style to suit the audience and context remain invaluable. By embodying warmth, honesty, and respect in our interactions, we can build stronger, more respectful relationships and create a more harmonious social environment.