Confucius’ Method for Problem Solving: The Art of Questioning Extremes

9·8 The Master said, “Do I have knowledge? No, I have no knowledge. A vulgar fellow (1) asked me, and I was as empty as a shell (2). I tapped (3) both ends (4) and exhausted (5) myself.”

[Notes]

(1) A country bumpkin: a country person, a person from the lower class.

(2) Empty as a void: refers to Confucius’ own ignorance.

(3) Knock: to ask, to inquire.

(4) Both ends: both sides, referring to the positive and negative, the beginning and the end, the upper and lower aspects.

(5) Exhaust: to exhaust, to pursue with all one’s strength.

[Translation]

Confucius said, “Do I have knowledge? In fact, I don’t. A country bumpkin asked me a question, and I didn’t know anything about it. I just asked from both ends of the question, and in this way I

could fully understand the question.

Commentary

Confucius himself was not a conceited person. This is true. It is impossible for a person to be well versed in all things in the world, because human energy is limited after all. But Confucius had a basic method for analyzing problems and

solving them, which was to “ask from both ends and exhaust them.” As long as you grasp the two extremes of the problem, you can solve it. This method embodies the Confucian philosophy of the mean, and is

a very meaningful way of thinking.

Confucius, the renowned Chinese philosopher, is celebrated not only for his profound wisdom but also for his unique approach to problem-solving. In a thought-provoking passage, Confucius reveals his method for understanding and resolving complex issues, which he describes as questioning both extremes to reach clarity. This technique offers valuable insights into the analytical processes behind Confucian thought and remains relevant even in today’s world.

Confucius once reflected on his own knowledge and expertise with humility, stating, “Do I possess knowledge? Actually, I do not. When a country bumpkin asks me a question, I realize that my knowledge is minimal. I simply explore the issue by examining both extremes, and through this process, I am able to fully understand the matter.”

At first glance, Confucius’ admission of limited knowledge might seem surprising. However, his approach to problem-solving, rather than claiming exhaustive knowledge, showcases a methodical and thoughtful strategy. By focusing on the extremes of an issue—its most positive and negative aspects—Confucius believes one can gain a comprehensive understanding and address the problem effectively.

This technique of questioning both extremes, or “叩其两端而竭” (kou qi liang duan er jie), highlights a fundamental aspect of Confucian philosophy known as the Doctrine of the Mean. The Doctrine of the Mean emphasizes balance, moderation, and the pursuit of a harmonious solution by considering various perspectives and potential outcomes.

In practical terms, this method encourages individuals to explore all sides of a problem thoroughly. By understanding the full range of possibilities—from the best-case scenario to the worst—one can make more informed decisions and develop solutions that are well-rounded and considerate of different factors.

The significance of Confucius’ approach lies in its simplicity and effectiveness. It teaches that even when one does not have all the answers, a disciplined method of inquiry can lead to profound insights. This principle is not only applicable in philosophical discussions but also in everyday problem-solving. Whether tackling personal challenges or professional dilemmas, considering both extremes of a situation can provide clarity and guide decision-making.

In essence, Confucius’ method of questioning extremes exemplifies a thoughtful and balanced approach to problem-solving. It reflects the core values of Confucian thought, emphasizing the importance of examining all aspects of a problem to achieve a harmonious resolution. By adopting this approach, individuals can navigate complexities with greater wisdom and effectiveness, aligning with the timeless principles of Confucian philosophy.

This method of inquiry remains a powerful tool for understanding and resolving issues, reminding us that even in the pursuit of knowledge, a humble and methodical approach can lead to meaningful and insightful outcomes.