Confucius on Knowledge vs. Action: Striving for True Virtue

7·33 The Master said, “As for learning, I am not superior to other men. As for practicing what one has learned, I have not yet attained it.”

[Explanation]

Mo: approximately, probably, almost.

Translation

Confucius said, “In terms of book knowledge, I am probably about the same as others. But when it comes to being a gentleman who practices what he preaches, I have not yet achieved that.”

Commentary

There are different interpretations of the phrase “Wen, mo wu rujin ye” in the academic world. Some say that this phrase means, “When it comes to book knowledge, I am not as good as others.” Some say that this phrase should be, “I am diligent and can be compared to others.” We have adopted the interpretation that “I am probably about the same as others.” He was engaged in education, and he not only imparted book knowledge to his students, but also focused on cultivating their practical abilities. He said that he had not yet achieved the accomplishments of a gentleman in terms of putting his words into practice, and hoped that he and his students would make as much effort as possible in this regard.

Understanding Confucius’ Reflection

In this reflection, Confucius acknowledges that when it comes to theoretical knowledge—what can be learned from books—his level of understanding is comparable to that of others. However, he humbly admits that he has not yet fully realized the practical application of virtue, which is central to being a true gentleman or “junzi” in Confucian terms. This distinction highlights a critical aspect of Confucian philosophy: the value of applying knowledge to daily life.

The Significance of Practical Virtue

Confucius places immense value on the practical application of knowledge. For him, being a true gentleman involves more than just acquiring knowledge; it requires embodying and practicing the principles of virtue in one’s daily actions. While book learning provides the foundation, true virtue is demonstrated through behavior and actions. Confucius’ self-assessment underscores the importance of continuous personal development and self-improvement.

Scholarly Interpretations

Academics have offered various interpretations of Confucius’ statement. Some suggest that the phrase “In terms of knowledge, I am about the same as others” implies that Confucius sees himself as less knowledgeable compared to others. Others believe it means he views himself as diligent in acquiring knowledge, comparable to his peers. The interpretation adopted here emphasizes that Confucius acknowledges his knowledge is on par with others but recognizes that he has not yet achieved the level of practical virtue he aspires to.

The Role of Education

Confucius’ focus on both theoretical and practical aspects of education reflects his broader educational philosophy. He valued not only the dissemination of knowledge but also the cultivation of moral character. For Confucius, education was a holistic process aimed at developing both the mind and character. His personal acknowledgment of his own shortcomings in practicing virtue serves as a reminder of the ongoing journey of self-improvement.