Confucius on the Exemplary Student: Lessons from Yan Hui

6-3 The Duke of Lamentations asked, “Which of the disciples is a good learner?” Confucius replied, “There was Yan Hui who was a good scholar, who did not change his anger(1), who did not repeat his faults(2), and who unfortunately died a short life(3). Now also die (4), I have not heard of good scholars.”

[Commentary

(1) Not to change one’s anger: not to vent one’s anger against this person on another.

(2) Not repeating one’s faults: “二” means to repeat, again and again. It means not to make the same mistakes.

(3) Short life and death: Yan Hui was only 31 years old when he died.

(4) Dead: same as “no”.

[Translation

Duke Lu Ai asked Confucius, “Who is the best student among your students?” Confucius replied, “There was a student named Yan Hui who was a good learner, who never took offense at others and never repeated the same faults. Unfortunately, he died a short life. There is no one like that now, and I have not heard of anyone who is a good learner.”

[Commentary

Here, Confucius extremely praised his favorite disciple Yan Hui, believing that he was studious and progressive, and that since Yan Hui’s death, there was no one who was so studious. In Confucius’ evaluation of Yan Hui, he especially talked about the two points of not relenting in anger and not repeating one’s faults, from which we can see that Confucius educated his students and emphasized the cultivation of their moral sentiments. This contains a profound philosophy.

Confucius, one of the most revered sages, often provided profound insights into character and education. A notable account of his teachings comes from a conversation with Duke Ai of Lu, where he extolled the virtues of his student Yan Hui. This discussion highlights not just the qualities of an ideal learner, but also offers a lens into Confucius’ educational philosophy.

The Question and Answer

During a dialogue, Duke Ai inquired about Confucius’ most diligent student. Confucius responded with admiration for Yan Hui, noting his exemplary qualities: “Yan Hui was an earnest student. He never bore grudges, nor did he repeat his mistakes. Unfortunately, he died young, at just 31. Nowadays, there seems to be no one like him who is so dedicated to learning.”

Understanding the Qualities

Confucius’ praise for Yan Hui underscores two key attributes: not harboring grudges (不迁怒) and avoiding repeated mistakes (不贰过). These traits not only highlight Yan Hui’s commitment to self-improvement but also reflect Confucius’ emphasis on moral integrity. Yan Hui’s ability to learn without letting personal grievances cloud his judgment and his refusal to repeat errors were seen as the hallmarks of true dedication.

The Philosophical Implications

Confucius’ remarks reveal more than just an appreciation for Yan Hui’s learning habits. They reflect a deeper educational philosophy that values moral character as much as intellectual achievement. By emphasizing the importance of not bearing grudges and learning from mistakes, Confucius advocates for a holistic approach to education that encompasses both ethical and intellectual development.

The Broader Context

Confucius’ approach to education was succinct yet profound. He believed that effective learning should be straightforward and free of unnecessary complications. However, he also cautioned against excessive simplicity that might lead to carelessness. In Confucius’ view, balance is key. His teachings suggest that while efficiency in learning is important, it should not come at the expense of thoroughness and attention to detail.