Confucius’s Nine Principles for a Gentleman: Wisdom in Action

Confucius said, “Those who know and understand from birth are the best; those who know and understand after learning are the second best; those who learn after being in trouble are the next best; those who are in trouble and do not learn are the worst.”

[Translation] Confucius said, “Those who know things from birth are superior; those who know things after learning are inferior; those who learn things after encountering difficulties are inferior again; those who do not learn things even after encountering difficulties are inferior in the extreme.”

[Commentary] Although Confucius said that there were people who knew things from birth, he did not admit that he was one of them, nor did he see such people. He said that he knew things after learning. He hoped that people would be diligent and studious, and not wait until they encountered difficulties before learning. As the saying goes, “It is only when you need it that you realize how little you know.” As for not learning when you encounter difficulties, it is not worth learning.

Confucius, the celebrated Chinese philosopher, offers timeless wisdom on the qualities and behaviors that define a noble person. In his teachings, he outlines nine key principles for self-reflection and conduct that every gentleman should consider. These principles guide how one should act, react, and interact in various aspects of life. Here’s a closer look at these nine principles and their practical applications.

The Nine Principles

Clarity in Observation

Principle: When observing or seeing something, a gentleman should consider whether his vision is clear and accurate.

Application: This means not only making sure you see things correctly but also avoiding misinterpretation. For example, in a business meeting, ensure you understand the details of the project to avoid mistakes.

Attention in Listening

Principle: When listening, a gentleman should reflect on whether he is truly hearing and understanding what is being said.

Application: Practice active listening skills, such as summarizing what was said and asking clarifying questions, to ensure you grasp the full meaning of the conversation.

Warmth in Expression

Principle: Consider whether your facial expressions and demeanor are warm and approachable.

Application: Maintain a pleasant and friendly demeanor in social and professional interactions. This can foster positive relationships and create a welcoming atmosphere.

Respect in Appearance

Principle: Reflect on whether your appearance and behavior are respectful and humble.

Application: Dress appropriately and carry yourself with dignity. Showing respect through your appearance and actions conveys professionalism and integrity.

Loyalty in Speech

Principle: When speaking, consider whether your words are honest and loyal.

Application: Be truthful and transparent in your communication. Avoid flattery or deceit, and strive to build trust through sincerity.

Diligence in Action

Principle: Reflect on whether you are handling tasks with care and seriousness.

Application: Approach tasks and responsibilities with diligence and attention to detail. This principle is crucial for maintaining high standards in work and personal life.

Inquiry in Doubt

Principle: When in doubt, consider whether you should seek advice or information from others.

Application: Don’t hesitate to ask questions or seek guidance when unsure. Consulting with others can provide valuable insights and prevent errors.

Caution in Anger

Principle: Reflect on whether your anger might lead to negative consequences.

Application: Manage your emotions carefully. Before reacting in anger, consider the potential fallout and try to resolve conflicts calmly and rationally.

Ethics in Gains

Principle: When pursuing benefits or gains, consider whether they align with ethical standards.

Application: Ensure that your pursuit of success and profit adheres to moral and ethical principles. This involves making decisions that are not only profitable but also just and fair.

Applying Confucius’s Wisdom

Confucius’s nine principles offer a framework for ethical behavior and personal development. Here’s how to integrate these principles into daily life:

Self-Reflection: Regularly assess your actions and attitudes in light of these principles. This self-awareness helps in making adjustments and improving behavior.

Practical Application: Implement these principles in various areas of life, including personal relationships, professional settings, and community involvement. They serve as a guide for maintaining integrity and respect.

Continuous Improvement: Use these principles as a tool for continuous growth. Strive to enhance your clarity, listening skills, warmth, respect, loyalty, diligence, inquiry, emotional management, and ethical behavior.

Role Modeling: Lead by example. Demonstrate these principles in your actions and interactions, and encourage others to adopt them. Your behavior can positively influence those around you.

16·10 Confucius said, “A gentleman has nine thoughts: when he sees, he thinks clearly; when he hears, he thinks clearly; when he sees his own face, he thinks it is warm; when he sees his own appearance, he thinks it is respectful; when he speaks, he thinks he is loyal; when he does things, he thinks he is respectful; when he is in doubt, he thinks he should ask; when he is angry, he thinks there may be consequences; when he gains wealth, he thinks it is in accordance with the principles of righteousness.”

[Translation] Confucius said, “A gentleman has nine things to consider: when he sees, he should consider whether he sees clearly; when he hears, he should consider whether he hears clearly; when he sees his own face, he should consider whether it is gentle; when he sees his appearance, he should consider whether it is humble; when he speaks, he should consider whether he is loyal; when he does things, he should consider whether he is careful and serious; when he encounters a doubt, he should consider whether he should ask others; when he is angry, he should consider whether there are any consequences; when he gains wealth, he should consider whether it is in accordance with the principles of righteousness.”

Commentary: This chapter, through the “nine thoughts of a gentleman” that Confucius talked about, takes into account all aspects of a person’s words and deeds. He requires himself and his students to think carefully and reflect on their words and deeds. This includes various norms of personal moral cultivation, such as warmth, kindness, courtesy, frugality, yielding, loyalty, filial piety, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom. All of these are part of Confucius’s doctrine of moral cultivation.