Mastering Confucian Wisdom: Overcoming Selfishness and Prejudice

[Original text]

9·4 The Master renounced the four cardinal vices: (1) not to be suspicious, (2) not to be dogmatic, (3) not to be stubborn, and (4) not to be self-centered.

[Notes]

(1) Yi: the same as yì, to suspect, to be suspicious.

(2) Bi: to be certain.

(3) Gu: to be stubborn.

(4) Wo: here refers to selfishness.

Translation

Confucius eliminated four vices: no subjective suspicion, no expectations that must be realized, no stubbornness, and no selfishness.

Commentary

“Eliminating the four” is a major characteristic of Confucius, which involves people’s moral and value concepts. Only by first achieving these points can one perfect one’s morality and cultivate a noble personality.

In the realm of Confucian philosophy, achieving moral excellence involves overcoming certain negative traits that hinder personal and communal growth. One of the key teachings of Confucius revolves around avoiding four detrimental attitudes: subjective suspicion, fixed expectations, stubbornness, and selfishness. Understanding and applying these principles can lead to a more harmonious and fulfilling life.

1. Avoiding Subjective Suspicion

Confucius advised against allowing subjective suspicion to cloud our judgment. Subjective suspicion, or baseless conjecture, can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts. It’s essential to approach situations with an open mind, relying on evidence rather than assumptions. This openness fosters trust and encourages clearer communication, both of which are crucial for personal relationships and professional success.

2. Letting Go of Fixed Expectations

Fixed expectations can create unnecessary pressure and disappointment. By insisting on specific outcomes, we may become rigid and unadaptable. Confucius taught the value of flexibility and acceptance. Instead of clinging to a predetermined result, focus on the process and be open to different possibilities. This mindset helps to reduce frustration and enhances our ability to cope with life’s uncertainties.

3. Overcoming Stubbornness

Stubbornness often stems from an unwillingness to consider other perspectives. Confucius emphasized the importance of being receptive to new ideas and feedback. By overcoming stubbornness, we cultivate a more open and adaptable character. This flexibility not only improves our problem-solving skills but also strengthens our relationships by demonstrating respect for others’ viewpoints.

4. Shedding Selfishness

Selfishness is perhaps the most detrimental trait of all. It undermines our ability to empathize with others and can erode the trust and cooperation necessary for meaningful interactions. Confucius advocated for selflessness and altruism, encouraging individuals to act with consideration for the well-being of others. Embracing these values leads to deeper connections and a more fulfilling life.

The Path to Moral Excellence

Confucius’ teachings on these four negative traits are more than just philosophical ideals—they are practical guidelines for personal development. By striving to eliminate subjective suspicion, fixed expectations, stubbornness, and selfishness, individuals can enhance their moral character and contribute to a more harmonious society.

Applying these principles requires introspection and effort, but the rewards are profound. A life lived with integrity and openness not only benefits the individual but also positively impacts those around them. In essence, Confucius’ wisdom offers timeless advice for achieving personal growth and fostering a more compassionate world.