Superior Man vs. Mean Man: Understanding Confucian Virtues

4·11 The Master said, “A superior man cherishes (1) virtue; a mean man, his native place; a superior man, the punishments of the law; a mean man, benefits.”

【Annotation】

(1) Cherish: to miss.

(2) Native place: one’s hometown.

(3) Punishments of the law: the legal system.

【Translation】

The Master said, “A superior man misses virtue; a mean man misses his native place; a superior man misses the punishments of the law; a mean man misses benefits.”

[Commentary]

This chapter once again mentions the two different types of personality, the gentleman and the villain. It is believed that the gentleman has high morals, they have lofty aspirations, broad vision, and consider the affairs of the country and society, while the villain only knows to miss the homeland, small favors, and consider only the livelihood of the individual and family. This is one of the differences between the gentleman and the villain.

Confucian Philosophy: The Superior Man and the Mean Man

Confucius, a revered Chinese philosopher, emphasizes the importance of virtue in personal conduct. In one of his teachings, he states:

“A superior man cherishes virtue; a mean man, his native place; a superior man, the punishments of the law; a mean man, benefits.”

This statement, though seemingly simple, carries deep meaning.

Cherishing Virtue vs. Cherishing Benefits

The “superior man” in Confucian philosophy is someone who prioritizes virtue above all else. Virtue, in this context, encompasses moral integrity, righteousness, and a commitment to ethical principles. The superior man is characterized by his concern for the greater good, whether it be the well-being of society, the nation, or humanity at large. He is not swayed by personal gains or losses but is guided by a steadfast commitment to doing what is right.

In contrast, the “mean man” is preoccupied with personal gains. His primary concern is his native place, representing a narrow focus on familiar surroundings and personal comfort. The mean man misses the benefits, implying a preoccupation with material wealth and immediate gratification. This self-centered perspective limits his vision and hinders his ability to contribute meaningfully to society.

Respecting the Legal System vs. Seeking Personal Gains

Confucius also highlights the attitude towards the legal system as a distinguishing factor. The superior man respects and upholds the law, recognizing its role in maintaining order and justice. He understands that a well-functioning legal system is essential for a harmonious society. By cherishing the punishments of the law, he acknowledges the importance of accountability and fairness.

On the other hand, the mean man is primarily concerned with how the legal system can serve his interests. He is more likely to seek ways to exploit the system for personal benefit rather than uphold its principles. This opportunistic approach undermines the integrity of the legal system and contributes to societal discord.

The Broader Implications

Confucius’ distinction between the superior man and the mean man has broader implications for leadership, governance, and personal conduct. In leadership, the qualities of the superior man—virtue, broad vision, and a commitment to justice—are essential for effective and ethical governance. Leaders who embody these traits inspire trust and respect, fostering a culture of integrity and accountability.

In personal conduct, aspiring to be a superior man involves a commitment to self-improvement and ethical behavior. It requires looking beyond immediate benefits and considering the long-term impact of one’s actions on society. This mindset cultivates a sense of responsibility and a desire to contribute positively to the world.

Relevance in Modern Society

In today’s fast-paced and often materialistic world, the teachings of Confucius remain relevant. The emphasis on virtue and the greater good serves as a reminder of the importance of ethical behavior in all aspects of life. Whether in personal relationships, professional conduct, or civic responsibilities, the principles of the superior man provide a guiding framework for meaningful and impactful living.

By striving to embody the qualities of the superior man, individuals can contribute to a more just, compassionate, and harmonious society. The teachings of Confucius offer timeless wisdom that transcends cultural and temporal boundaries, encouraging us to cultivate virtue and prioritize the common good over personal gains.