The Art of Respect: Ancient Chinese Etiquette in Confucian Rituals

10·4 When entering the public gate, he bows as if he were not allowed to. He does not stand in the middle of the gate, and he does not step on the threshold. When passing by, his face is flushed, his feet are trembling, and his words seem inadequate. When he enters the hall, he bows as if he were not allowed to, and he holds his breath as if he were not allowed to. When he leaves, he steps down a level (4), and his face is flushed and happy. When he reached the bottom step, he hurried forward, his wings flapping. When he returned to his position, he walked with a stilted gait.

[Notes]

(1) Bowing as if: a careful and respectful appearance.

(2) Step on the threshold: threshold, the step on the door sill.

(3) Gather the hem: hem, the lower edge of the garment. Gather, lift. Lift the lower edge of the garment.

(4) Descend one step: to step down from the steps.

(5) Unrestrained: to relax and breathe a sigh of relief.

(6) Missing a step: to have finished the steps.

Translation:

When Confucius entered the court, he walked with a cautious and respectful manner, as if there was no place for him. When he stood, he did not stand in the middle of the door; when he walked, he did not step on the door sill. When he passed the seat of the king, his face immediately became solemn, his footsteps quickened, and his speech seemed to lack breath. When he lifted his hem of his garment and walked toward the hall, he was respectful and cautious, holding his breath as if he were not breathing. When he stepped back out and walked down the steps, his face relaxed and he looked contented. After he finished walking down the steps, he walked quickly forward a few steps, his posture like a bird spreading its wings. When he returned to his position, he was respectful but uneasy.

The teachings of Confucius, a revered philosopher in Chinese history, provide profound insights into the importance of etiquette and respect in societal interactions. One passage vividly illustrates how Confucius himself embodied these principles when he entered a royal court. This ancient text, though rooted in a specific historical context, offers timeless lessons on humility, respect, and proper conduct. In this article, we will explore the significance of these teachings and their relevance in today’s world.

The Passage

The passage describes a series of actions performed by Confucius upon entering a royal court:

Entering the Gate: Confucius enters with a cautious and respectful demeanor, as if he feels he does not belong. He avoids standing in the center of the doorway and refrains from stepping on the threshold.

Passing the Throne: His demeanor becomes more solemn, his pace quickens, and his speech seems less confident.

Ascending the Hall: He lifts his robes and moves up with utmost reverence, holding his breath as if to minimize his presence.

Exiting the Hall: Once he steps down a level, his expression relaxes, and he appears content.

Completing the Descent: After leaving the steps, he walks briskly, with a posture resembling a bird spreading its wings.

Returning to His Position: He returns to his place with a demeanor that is both respectful and slightly uneasy.

Analysis and Interpretation

Confucius’ actions are not merely a series of physical movements but a profound demonstration of respect and humility. Each gesture and posture reflects an awareness of his position relative to the authority he is approaching.

Respect for Authority: By not standing in the middle of the doorway or stepping on the threshold, Confucius shows deference to the space that belongs to the ruler. This action signifies that he recognizes and respects the ruler’s authority.

Solemnity and Urgency: The change in his demeanor as he passes the throne indicates his awareness of the significance of the ruler’s presence. His quickened pace and subdued speech suggest a deep respect and a sense of urgency to show his reverence.

Humility in Approach: Lifting his robes and holding his breath while ascending the hall signifies utmost respect. It’s an act of minimizing any disturbance he might cause, indicating humility and self-awareness.

Relaxation After the Formalities: His relaxed demeanor after descending the steps reflects the relief and satisfaction of having properly demonstrated respect. It shows a balance between formality and comfort in knowing he has done his duty.

Graceful Movement: The comparison to a bird spreading its wings illustrates grace and precision in his movements, highlighting the elegance expected in such formal settings.

Continued Respect: Even after returning to his place, Confucius maintains a respectful and slightly uneasy demeanor, indicating that respect and humility are not momentary but continuous states of being.

Relevance Today

The principles demonstrated by Confucius are timeless and can be applied in modern contexts. Respect for authority, humility, and proper conduct remain crucial in various settings, from professional environments to social interactions.

Professional Etiquette: In the workplace, showing respect to superiors, colleagues, and the organizational structure is essential. Simple actions, such as attentively listening, acknowledging others’ contributions, and maintaining professionalism, reflect these ancient principles.

Social Interactions: In social settings, humility and respect can enhance relationships and foster a positive environment. Being mindful of others’ spaces, demonstrating good manners, and showing appreciation are modern-day equivalents of Confucius’ respectful actions.

Personal Development: Practicing humility and continuous respect can contribute to personal growth. It encourages self-awareness and a considerate approach to interactions with others, fostering a more harmonious and respectful society.