The Four Virtues Closest to Benevolence According to Confucius

The Master said, “Firmness, perseverance, simplicity, and prudence are close to benevolence.”

[Translation] Confucius said, “Firmness, perseverance, simplicity, and prudence are close to benevolence.”

[Commentary] Confucius grouped “benevolence” and a person’s simple temperament together. First, one must be resolute and decisive, and second, one must be cautious in speech and action. This idea is completely consistent with Confucius’s consistent thinking.

Confucius, one of China’s greatest philosophers, emphasized the importance of certain virtues that bring one closer to the ideal state of benevolence, or “仁” (rén). In one of his teachings, he identifies four key qualities that align closely with this ideal. Understanding these virtues not only provides insight into Confucian philosophy but also offers practical guidance for cultivating a more virtuous and harmonious life.

1. Strength and Determination

Confucius begins by highlighting the importance of “刚” (gāng) and “毅” (yì)—strength and determination. These traits represent the ability to face challenges with resilience and resolve. In the Confucian view, being strong and determined is not merely about physical or mental endurance but about having a steadfast moral character. Strength here is about staying true to one’s principles, even in the face of adversity. Determination reflects a commitment to one’s values and responsibilities, making it possible to navigate life’s complexities with integrity.

2. Simplicity and Sincerity

Next, Confucius mentions “木” (mù) and “讷” (nè), which translate to simplicity and sincerity. Simplicity refers to a straightforward, unpretentious way of living and thinking. It involves avoiding unnecessary complexities and focusing on what truly matters. Sincerity, on the other hand, denotes an honest and straightforward approach in one’s interactions with others. It means speaking and acting with genuine intent, without deceit or pretense.

3. Harmonizing Virtues

The combination of these virtues—strength, determination, simplicity, and sincerity—brings one closer to the ideal of “仁” (rén), or benevolence. Benevolence, in Confucianism, is a central concept that embodies kindness, compassion, and the well-being of others. By integrating these virtues into one’s life, an individual can approach the highest state of moral excellence.

4. Practical Application

For those seeking to apply these principles in their daily lives, it’s crucial to recognize that Confucius’ teachings are not just abstract ideas but practical guidelines. Cultivating strength and determination helps in pursuing personal and professional goals with integrity. Embracing simplicity allows one to maintain clarity and focus, while sincerity fosters genuine relationships and trust. By striving to embody these virtues, individuals can enhance their own character and positively influence their communities.

5. Conclusion

Confucius’ teaching on the four virtues that bring one closest to benevolence provides timeless wisdom for personal development. Strength, determination, simplicity, and sincerity are not just ideals but actionable qualities that can guide individuals toward a more harmonious and fulfilling life. Understanding and embodying these virtues can help bridge cultural gaps and foster a deeper appreciation of Confucian thought in a modern context. By integrating these principles into daily practice, one can not only achieve personal growth but also contribute to a more compassionate and cohesive society.