The Timeless Wisdom of Confucius: Can Courtesy Govern a Nation?

4·13 The Master said, “Can a country be governed by courtesy? How can it be? If a country cannot be governed by courtesy, what is the use of courtesy?”

[Notes]

(1) He You: the full meaning is “He is not difficult,” that is, not difficult.

(2) Ru Li He: What to do with Li?

[Translation]

Confucius said, “If you can use the principle of courtesy to govern the country, then what is difficult about it? If you can’t use the principle of courtesy to govern the country, how can you practice courtesy?”

[Analysis]

Confucius extended the principle of “li” to be used in the interactions between countries, which was beyond reproach in ancient times. Because the “nations” of Confucius’ time were “feudal states,” all of which were brotherly nations within China. However, in modern times, people like Zeng Guofan still advocated the principle of “comity as a nation” against Western colonial powers, which inevitably led to accusations of “**ism.”

Understanding ‘Li’: The Foundation of Confucian Thought

The principle of “li” is integral to Confucian philosophy. It extends beyond mere politeness to include rituals, norms, and a sense of propriety that governs behavior. In Confucian thought, “li” is not just about individual conduct but about maintaining the fabric of society. It dictates how people interact with each other, emphasizing respect, duty, and moral rectitude.

Confucius argued that if rulers and citizens alike adhered to “li,” it would naturally lead to a just and stable society. This idea was revolutionary for its time and remains relevant today. The emphasis on courtesy and respect can be seen in various aspects of Chinese culture, from family relationships to business dealings.

The Modern Relevance of Confucian Courtesy

While Confucius’ teachings were rooted in the context of ancient feudal states, their relevance extends to modern times. The principle of governing through courtesy can be seen as an early form of soft power, where moral authority and cultural influence play crucial roles in leadership.

In the contemporary world, the idea of courtesy in governance can be interpreted as promoting diplomacy, mutual respect, and ethical leadership. For instance, in international relations, the principle of “li” could foster better cooperation and understanding between nations. This approach contrasts with the often adversarial nature of modern geopolitics, offering a vision of global harmony based on respect and mutual benefit.

Critiques and Adaptations

Despite its virtues, the principle of governing by courtesy has faced criticism, particularly when applied to international relations. Historical figures like Zeng Guofan, who advocated for “comity as a nation” against Western colonial powers, faced accusations of being overly idealistic. Critics argue that in a world driven by power dynamics and realpolitik, the notion of governing by courtesy can seem naive.

However, this critique does not diminish the value of courtesy in domestic governance. Leaders who embody respect, humility, and ethical behavior can inspire their citizens and create a more cohesive society. In this sense, the teachings of Confucius offer a timeless blueprint for leadership.