The wife of the ruler of a state is called the lady by the ruler, the lady calls herself the little child, the people of the state call her the lady of the ruler, and when she is in a different state, she is called the little lady of the ruler.

[Translation] The wife of the ruler is called “madam” by the ruler, “little child” by herself, “madam of the ruler” by the people of the country, “little child of the ruler” by other countries, and “madam of the ruler” by other countries.

[Commentary] This set of titles is one of the contents of Zhouli. This is to maintain the hierarchical system of names and titles in order to achieve the goal of “having a proper name and a proper word.”

The titles and forms of address used in ancient China reflect a complex system of respect and hierarchy, deeply embedded in the social fabric of the time. One notable example is the way a ruler’s wife was addressed across different contexts. This system of titles, as described in the ancient text, sheds light on the values and social structures of the Zhou Dynasty.

The Titles and Their Meanings

Title by the Ruler: The ruler himself would refer to his wife as “夫人” (Fūrén), which translates to “Lady” or “Madam.” This title signifies a position of high respect and authority within the royal household, acknowledging her status as the first lady of the realm.

Self-Identification: The wife of the ruler would self-refer as “小童” (Xiǎo Tóng), meaning “Little Child” or “Young Person.” This humble self-identification reflects the Confucian value of modesty and the virtue of downplaying one’s own status, even when occupying a high position.

Addressed by the Citizens: The people of the country would refer to her as “君夫人” (Jūn Fūrén), which means “Lady of the Ruler” or “Consort of the Ruler.” This form of address acknowledges her role and status in relation to the ruler, maintaining a formal and respectful tone.

Addressed by Foreigners: When addressed by people from other states, she was called “寡小君” (Guǎ Xiǎo Jūn), which translates roughly to “Lesser Lady” or “Minor Ruler.” This title, while respectful, reflects a slightly diminished status compared to her title in her own country. Foreigners also used the term “君夫人” (Jūn Fūrén) to address her, demonstrating a recognition of her role similar to that used by the domestic population.

The Importance of Titles in Zhou Dynasty Society

Maintaining Hierarchy: The specific titles and forms of address were crucial in maintaining the hierarchical social structure of the Zhou Dynasty. The differentiation in titles based on context and audience reinforced the social order and respect for ranks and positions. By adhering to these titles, individuals helped preserve the structured relationships that defined their society.

Reflection of Confucian Values: The system of titles also reflects Confucian values, particularly the emphasis on humility and propriety. The ruler’s wife’s self-referential term, “小童” (Xiǎo Tóng), exemplifies the Confucian principle of modesty, even when holding a position of high authority.

Diplomatic Etiquette: The use of different titles for foreign and domestic contexts also highlights the importance of diplomatic etiquette. The slightly adjusted title for foreigners indicates a formal respect while acknowledging the different status and political dynamics between states.

Lessons for Contemporary Understanding

Respect for Hierarchy: Understanding the historical context of these titles helps us appreciate the importance of respecting hierarchical structures in traditional societies. Although these practices may seem distant from contemporary norms, they reveal how social order and respect were integral to ancient Chinese culture.

Value of Modesty: The ruler’s wife’s humble self-reference underscores the timeless value of modesty, a principle that remains relevant in various cultures today. Even in positions of great power, humility and modesty are considered virtues.

Diplomatic Sensitivity: The adaptation of titles based on the audience reflects the need for diplomatic sensitivity and respect for differing social norms. This practice is a reminder of the importance of understanding and navigating cultural differences in any international interaction.