Understanding Confucian Values: The Difference Between Virtue and Shame

Xian (1) asked about shame. The Master said, “When the country is governed according to the Way, the officials are well paid; when it is not, they are poorly paid, and this is shame.” “Can one be called benevolent if one does not act in accordance with the Way, and does not overcome, criticize, or resent others?” The Master said, “It is possible to be difficult, but I do not know if it is benevolent.”

[Notes] (1) Xian: Xian was the original name of Xian, a student of Confucius. (2) Gu: here refers to the salary of an official. (3) Fa: to boast.

[Translation] Xian asked Confucius what was shameful. Confucius said, “When the country has a way, the official takes the salary; when the country has no way, the official still takes the salary, and this is shameful.” Yuan Xian asked again, “Can a person who is not competitive, boastful, resentful, or greedy be considered to have achieved benevolence?” Confucius said, “This can be said to be rare, but as to whether or not he has achieved benevolence, I don’t know.”

[Commentary] In Chapter 13 of the “Shu Er” chapter, Confucius talked about the issue of “shame,” and this chapter also mentions the issue of “shame.” Confucius believes that officials should do their utmost to serve the country, and that those who take their salaries regardless of whether the country is governed by virtue or by unrighteousness are shameless. In the second level of this chapter, Confucius also talks about the topic of “benevolence.” The standard of benevolence is very high. Confucius believes that those who have rid themselves of “ambition, self-praise, resentment, and greed” are rare and precious, but whether they are “benevolent” or not, he says, he does not know. Obviously, “benevolence” is the highest moral standard.

Confucian philosophy has profoundly influenced Chinese culture for over two millennia, emphasizing moral integrity and social harmony. One crucial aspect of Confucian thought is the distinction between virtue and shame, a concept that continues to resonate in modern discussions on ethics and leadership.

The Concept of Shame in Governance

In an enlightening dialogue from the Confucian text, “The Analects,” Confucius addresses a fundamental question about shame and virtue. A student named Yan Xian inquires about what is truly shameful. Confucius responds by saying, “In a country where there is virtue, receiving a salary is acceptable; in a country without virtue, receiving a salary while serving in office is shameful.”

This response highlights Confucius’ view that moral integrity is essential for those in positions of power. According to Confucius, if a government is corrupt or lacks virtue, officials who continue to accept their salaries without working for the common good are acting shamelessly. The essence of this teaching lies in the expectation that those who hold public office should uphold ethical standards and work diligently for the welfare of their country, regardless of the government’s moral state.

The Challenge of Achieving Virtue

The discussion continues when Yan Xian asks if a person free from qualities such as competitiveness, boasting, resentment, and greed can be considered virtuous. Confucius acknowledges that it is indeed rare to find such a person but remains uncertain about whether this person truly embodies virtue.

Confucius’ response underscores the complexity of achieving true virtue. He recognizes that eliminating negative traits like competitiveness, self-promotion, bitterness, and desire is a significant step toward moral excellence. However, he stops short of affirming that these traits alone define a virtuous person. For Confucius, the concept of virtue (仁, “ren”) encompasses a broader and deeper moral standard that goes beyond the mere absence of negative traits.

The High Standard of Virtue

In this context, “virtue” represents the pinnacle of ethical behavior and moral integrity. Confucius suggests that while eliminating negative behaviors is commendable, true virtue requires a more profound understanding and practice of moral principles. It involves embodying qualities such as benevolence, righteousness, propriety, and wisdom.

Confucius’ teachings indicate that achieving virtue is not a straightforward path. It demands continuous self-reflection, ethical practice, and a genuine commitment to moral values. This high standard serves as a guiding principle for both personal conduct and public leadership.

Relevance to Modern Leadership

The Confucian perspective on virtue and shame remains relevant today, especially in discussions about ethical leadership. Leaders in various sectors are often evaluated based on their integrity and ability to act in the public’s best interest. Confucius’ insights remind us that true leadership involves more than just avoiding unethical behaviors. It requires a deep commitment to ethical standards and a genuine effort to contribute positively to society.

In conclusion, Confucian teachings on shame and virtue offer valuable lessons for understanding moral conduct and leadership. The distinction between receiving a salary in a virtuous versus a corrupt government, and the challenge of achieving true virtue, highlights the importance of ethical integrity and the ongoing pursuit of moral excellence. These principles continue to inspire individuals and leaders striving to make a positive impact in today’s world.