Understanding Confucius: The Art of Music in Ancient China

3·23 The Master said to the Master of Music of Lu, “Music is something that can be understood: when it is first played, it is harmonious; when it is followed, it is pure; when it is played, it is clear; when it is played continuously, it is complete.”

[Explanation]

(1) Yu: the verb “to tell” (meaning to tell someone about something).

(2) Master: 大, pronounced tài. Master is the name of a music official.

(3) Xī: pronounced xī. It means to combine, gather, and coordinate.

(4) Zòng: pronounced zòng. It means to indulge, to unfold.

(5) Chún: beautiful, harmonious.

(6) Jiǎo: pronounced jiǎo. It means to have distinct syllables.

(7) Yì: continuous.

[Translation]

Confucius said to the music officials of the state of Lu, “The principles of music can be understood: when the music begins, the various instruments come together, and the sound is rich and beautiful; as it continues, it is melodious and pleasant, the notes are distinct, and it continues without interruption, and finally it is complete.”

[Commentary]

Confucius’ education of his students was extremely rich and comprehensive, and music theory was one of them. This chapter reflects Confucius’ musical thinking and his level of music appreciation.

According to Confucius, music is an experience that evolves with time. He likened music to a journey that begins harmoniously and grows in depth as it continues. When music is first played, it creates a rich, beautiful harmony. As it progresses, it becomes increasingly melodious and pleasing. The distinct notes emerge clearly, and the music flows seamlessly until it reaches a state of completeness.

Confucius’ explanation highlights several key concepts:

Harmony at the Start: The initial performance of music is characterized by a harmonious blend of different sounds. This harmony sets the stage for a rich auditory experience.

Purity in Progression: As the music continues, its purity becomes apparent. This purity is a reflection of the music’s ability to remain melodious and pleasant over time.

Clarity in Notes: The clarity of each note is crucial. Each sound is distinct and contributes to the overall melody, demonstrating the skill and precision involved in musical composition.

Completeness: The music, in its entirety, achieves a state of completeness. This completeness is the result of continuous, uninterrupted performance, showcasing the music’s full potential.

Confucius’ teachings on music were part of his broader educational philosophy, which emphasized the importance of culture and refinement. His approach to teaching was not merely about imparting knowledge but also about fostering a deep appreciation for the arts. Music, in Confucian thought, was more than just an art form; it was a means of achieving personal and cultural harmony.

The insights shared by Confucius about music reflect his broader worldview. They offer a glimpse into how the ancient Chinese valued the interplay of harmony, clarity, and continuity in their artistic expressions. Understanding these principles not only enriches our appreciation of Chinese music but also provides a window into the cultural values that shaped ancient Chinese society.

As we explore Confucius’ views on music, we gain a deeper appreciation for the role of artistic expression in fostering cultural and personal harmony. His reflections remain relevant today, reminding us of the timeless nature of art and its power to connect us with our cultural heritage.