Understanding the Essence of Confucian Teachings: How Inner Virtue Precedes External Etiquette

3·8 Zixia asked, “What does it mean by ‘a clever smile, a beautiful eye, and a plain dress’?” The Master said, “After painting, come the colors.” Zixia said, “Is courtesy after painting?” The Master said, “It is Shang who has aroused me (3). Now we can talk about poetry.”

[Notes]

(1) “Her smile is so pretty, her eyes so bright, and her complexion so fair. What a beauty she is!”: The first two lines are from the “Shuo Ren” chapter of the “Shijing” (Book of Songs). Qian, pronounced qiàn, means “to smile prettily.” Xi, a particle, is equivalent to “ah.” Pan, pronounced pàn, means “to look.” Xuan, pronounced xuān, means “to be brilliant.”

(2) Huihou susu: Hui, painting. Susu, white background.

(3) Qiyu zhishang: Qiyu, to inspire. Zhi, I, Confucius referring to himself. Shang, Zixia’s name Shang.

Translation

Zixia asked Confucius, “What does the saying ‘She smiles so beautifully, her eyes are so bright, and she uses white powder to make up’ mean?” Confucius said, “It means that the white background comes first, and then the painting.” Zixia asked again, “Then, does it mean that etiquette is also something that comes later?” Confucius said, “Zixia, you are truly a person who can inspire me. Now we can discuss the Book of Songs together.”

[Commentary]

Zixia understood the principle of benevolence before etiquette from what Confucius said about “painting after the white background,” and was praised by Confucius. In terms of ethical theory, etiquette here refers to the external form that restricts behavior—etiquette and rituals; and the white background refers to the inner sentiment of performing etiquette. What is the sentiment that follows the rites? Confucius did not say directly, but it is generally believed to be the moral sentiment that follows benevolence. Confucius believed that the external rites and ceremonies and the inner sentiment should be unified, just as in painting, if the texture is not white, it will not be able to paint rich and colorful patterns.

Confucius, a Chinese philosopher who lived over 2,500 years ago, left a lasting legacy through his teachings and conversations with his disciples. One notable dialogue, which we will examine, involves Zixia, a student of Confucius, and a discussion on the relationship between inner virtue and external etiquette.

The Dialogue: Analyzing the Conversation

Zixia asked Confucius about the meaning of the phrase, “She smiles so beautifully, her eyes are so bright, and she uses white powder to make up.” Confucius explained that it refers to the sequence of creating beauty: starting with a white background (inner virtue) before adding colors (external etiquette).

Zixia further inquired if this meant that etiquette comes after inner virtue. Confucius praised Zixia for his understanding and acknowledged that they could now discuss deeper philosophical concepts.

The Principle of Inner Virtue and External Etiquette

In Confucian thought, inner virtue (ren, 仁) is the foundation of ethical behavior and moral sentiments. It is the sincere, compassionate, and benevolent attitude one holds within. External etiquette (li, 礼) encompasses the rituals, manners, and behaviors that society observes. Confucius emphasized that without a virtuous heart, external manners are hollow and insincere.

This idea can be likened to painting: the white background represents inner virtue, providing a pure and honest foundation upon which the colorful patterns of etiquette are applied.

Modern Application: Inner Virtue in Daily Life

Confucian philosophy offers timeless wisdom that can be applied in modern contexts. In today’s fast-paced world, the balance between inner virtue and external etiquette remains crucial.

Personal Integrity: Cultivating a strong moral compass is essential. Actions should stem from genuine intentions rather than a desire to impress others.

Professional Ethics: In the workplace, ethical behavior and a commitment to integrity build trust and respect among colleagues and clients.

Social Interactions: Authenticity in relationships fosters deeper connections. Courtesy should reflect true respect and consideration for others.