Mencius’ Critique of Xü Xing: Balancing Practical and Philosophical Governance
Mencius, a central figure in Confucian philosophy, is renowned for his insights into governance and human nature. His dialogues often address the practicalities of ruling, balancing philosophical ideals with real-world applications. The passage under review comes from the “Gong Sun Chou II” chapter of the “Mengzi” (Mencius) and presents a discussion between Mencius and Chen Xiang, a disciple of Xü Xing, who advocates for leaders to work alongside the people in agricultural labor. Mencius offers a critical examination of Xü Xing’s principles, presenting his own vision of effective governance.
The Encounter with Xü Xing
Xü Xing, a proponent of the Shennong teachings, traveled from Chu to Teng to meet Duke Wen of Teng. He expressed his desire to live under the benevolent governance of Duke Wen and was given a place to stay. Xü Xing’s followers, numbering in the dozens, led a simple life, wearing coarse hemp clothes and making a living by weaving grass sandals and mats.
Chen Xiang and his brother Chen Xin, disciples of the renowned scholar Chen Liang, also came to Teng from Song, inspired by Duke Wen’s reputation for sage governance. Chen Xiang, after meeting Xü Xing, abandoned his previous teachings to follow Xü Xing’s doctrine. He later visited Mencius to discuss these ideas.
Chen Xiang’s Argument and Mencius’ Response
Chen Xiang relayed Xü Xing’s criticism of Duke Wen’s governance, arguing that a true sage should work alongside the people, sharing in their labor and meals. He condemned the existence of granaries and treasuries in Teng, seeing them as burdens on the people.
Mencius responded with a series of probing questions. He asked if Xü Xing grew his own food and wove his own clothes. Chen Xiang admitted that while Xü Xing wore coarse hemp clothes, he traded grain for other necessities like hats and cooking utensils, which he did not produce himself. Mencius highlighted the impracticality of such self-sufficiency, noting that even Xü Xing relied on trade to obtain essential goods, which contradicted his ideal of complete self-reliance.
The Division of Labor
Mencius argued that the division of labor is essential for societal progress. He explained that craftsmen and farmers depend on each other, and this interdependence is not exploitation but a natural and necessary arrangement. Mencius pointed out that expecting rulers to engage in physical labor would distract them from their primary responsibilities of governance. He illustrated this with historical examples, such as Yao appointing Shun to manage the floods and Yu’s extensive efforts in water management, which required their full attention and precluded agricultural labor.
Historical Examples and Philosophical Insights
Mencius emphasized the need for specialized roles in society, using historical examples to support his argument. He mentioned the efforts of legendary figures like Hou Ji, who taught agriculture, and Qi, who educated people in moral principles. These leaders did not engage in farming themselves but ensured that society functioned smoothly through effective governance and education.
Mencius also discussed the importance of intellectual labor. He asserted that those who engage in mental work govern, while those who perform physical labor are governed. This division allows society to function efficiently, with each group contributing according to its strengths. Mencius believed that true benevolence involves recognizing and respecting these roles, rather than enforcing unrealistic ideals of equality.
Critique of Xü Xing’s Philosophy
Mencius criticized Xü Xing’s philosophy as impractical and detrimental to social order. He argued that Xü Xing’s vision of equal labor ignored the complexities of governance and the necessity of a structured society. Mencius believed that leaders should focus on higher-order tasks, such as policy-making and moral guidance, rather than manual labor.
Mencius also warned against the dangers of disrupting market dynamics by enforcing uniform prices for goods of varying quality. He argued that such policies would lead to economic chaos and widespread dissatisfaction. Instead, Mencius advocated for a balanced approach that recognizes the inherent differences in goods and services, allowing for fair and flexible pricing.
Mencius’ dialogue with Chen Xiang provides a profound critique of Xü Xing’s egalitarian philosophy. By highlighting the importance of the division of labor and specialized roles, Mencius presents a vision of governance that balances practical needs with philosophical ideals. His arguments underscore the necessity of recognizing and respecting the contributions of different societal roles, ensuring that leaders can focus on governance while others engage in essential physical labor. This nuanced approach reflects Mencius’ deep understanding of human nature and societal dynamics, offering timeless insights into effective governance.