The Essence of Benevolence: Mencius on Yao, Shun, Tang, Wu, and the Five Hegemons
Mencius once observed, “The love that Yao and Shun had for the people was innate; the love that Tang and Wu had for the people was achieved through their efforts; the love that the Five Hegemons had for the people was borrowed. How can we be sure that those who borrow and do not return do not genuinely care for the people?”
In this passage, Mencius offers a succinct yet profound evaluation of the character of five historical figures—Yao, Shun, Tang, Wu, and the Five Hegemons. His brief comments reveal the fundamental differences in their moral cultivation and provide insight into his unique perspective on human nature.
The Innate Virtue of Yao and Shun
Yao and Shun, revered as sage kings in Chinese history, are praised by Mencius for their natural virtue. Their benevolence, referred to as “innate” by Mencius, flowed effortlessly from their nature. They did not need to strive for righteousness or pretend to be virtuous; their every action aligned with the way of heaven and the inherent goodness of human nature. This natural alignment with virtue made them exemplary figures, whose moral stature seemed as lofty and unchanging as the heavens themselves.
Yao and Shun’s actions were not motivated by a desire for recognition or power but were a genuine expression of their intrinsic goodness. This authenticity is what set them apart and made their leadership so effective and revered. Their lives and deeds exemplify the Confucian ideal that true virtue is an inherent quality that manifests naturally in those who are truly good.
The Achieved Virtue of Tang and Wu
In contrast, Tang and Wu are described as having achieved their virtue through deliberate effort and practice. Mencius acknowledges that their moral excellence was not innate but the result of continuous self-cultivation. Through persistent effort, they refined their character and actions to reach a high level of moral integrity.
This distinction highlights the plasticity of human nature, as Tang and Wu’s examples demonstrate that virtue can be cultivated and developed. Their stories offer hope and inspiration to ordinary people, showing that through dedication and effort, it is possible to attain great moral heights. Mencius’s admiration for Tang and Wu underscores the value he places on self-improvement and the potential for growth within every individual.
The Borrowed Virtue of the Five Hegemons
The Five Hegemons, however, stand in stark contrast to Yao, Shun, Tang, and Wu. Mencius describes their virtue as “borrowed”—a façade rather than a genuine quality. Their benevolence was a means to an end, a tool used to gain power and influence rather than an expression of true moral conviction. This borrowed virtue was inherently unstable, as it lacked the authentic foundation that characterized the virtue of the sage kings and the diligent efforts of Tang and Wu.
Mencius’s critique of the Five Hegemons serves as a warning against superficial virtue. He implies that while borrowed virtue may achieve temporary success, it cannot sustain long-term respect or genuine leadership. The transient nature of their virtue highlights the importance of sincerity and authenticity in moral conduct. Mencius’s admonition against “borrowing” virtue without internalizing it reflects his belief that true leadership and respect can only be earned through genuine moral cultivation.
A Timeless Warning and Reflection
Mencius’s closing question, “How can we be sure that those who borrow and do not return do not genuinely care for the people?” is both a critique and a cautionary note. He challenges the reader to discern the true nature of those in power and to be wary of those who only superficially display virtue. This question underscores the importance of integrity and the dangers of hypocrisy in leadership.
By highlighting the differences between innate, achieved, and borrowed virtue, Mencius emphasizes the importance of genuine moral cultivation. His reflections on the behavior of historical figures serve as a timeless reminder of the value of authenticity and the need for true virtue in both personal and public life.
Modern Relevance and Application
Mencius’s insights are as relevant today as they were in ancient times. In our fast-paced, materialistic society, the emphasis on genuine virtue and moral integrity is crucial. Leaders and individuals alike can benefit from reflecting on the lessons of Yao, Shun, Tang, Wu, and the Five Hegemons. By striving for authentic virtue and integrity, we can create a more just and ethical society.
In contemporary contexts, Mencius’s teachings encourage us to look beyond superficial displays of virtue and to seek out true integrity in ourselves and others. Whether in personal relationships, professional environments, or public leadership, the principles of genuine moral cultivation and authentic behavior are vital for building trust, respect, and lasting success.
Mencius’s discourse on the different types of virtue among Yao, Shun, Tang, Wu, and the Five Hegemons offers profound insights into the nature of moral integrity and leadership. By distinguishing between innate, achieved, and borrowed virtue, he provides a nuanced understanding of the complexities of human nature and the importance of genuine moral cultivation. His teachings remind us of the enduring value of authenticity and integrity, both in ancient times and in the modern world. Through the examples of these historical figures, Mencius invites us to reflect on our own values and to strive for true virtue in all aspects of our lives.