“The Philosophy of Preferences: Mencius on Public and Personal Taste”

In this intriguing passage from Mencius, the distinction between personal preference and collective norms is explored through the lens of food and respect for tradition. By comparing the tastes of individuals and their adherence to societal expectations, Mencius provides insight into his philosophy regarding personal and public values.

The passage begins with a curious anecdote about Zeng Xi and Zeng Zi. Zeng Xi had a particular fondness for lamb’s jujube (a type of fruit), but Zeng Zi, who was aware of this preference, chose to avoid eating it. Gongsun Chou, in his quest for understanding, asks Mencius which is better: roast meat or lamb’s jujube. Mencius unequivocally states that roast meat is superior. Gongsun Chou then questions why Zeng Zi refrained from eating lamb’s jujube if roast meat is clearly more desirable. Mencius explains that while roast meat is universally enjoyed, lamb’s jujube is a personal delicacy. This distinction is akin to the practice of avoiding a father’s given name while addressing him by his family name—family names are shared among many, while given names are unique to individuals.

Mencius’ response illuminates a nuanced understanding of societal norms and personal preferences. The crux of his explanation lies in the distinction between what is universally accepted and what is uniquely individual. Roast meat represents a common pleasure enjoyed by all, whereas lamb’s jujube is a personal taste that only Zeng Xi cherishes. Mencius uses this comparison to underscore that certain practices or preferences are widely shared, while others are uniquely individual. This reflects a deep understanding of how societal norms and personal inclinations interact.

Moreover, Mencius’ reference to the practice of avoiding a father’s name while using his family name reveals his perspective on the relationship between public and private identity. In ancient China, addressing someone by their personal name could be seen as a breach of respect, especially in the context of familial hierarchy. By contrast, a family name, shared by many, represents a broader, less intimate connection. This practice illustrates a broader principle: respecting the collective identity of a family while honoring individual distinctions.

This passage, though concise, is rich with philosophical insights. It highlights the balance between adhering to traditional values and recognizing individual differences. In essence, Mencius advocates for a respect for established norms while also acknowledging personal preferences and identities. This dual respect for both collective and individual elements reflects a sophisticated approach to understanding social dynamics and personal values.

From a literary perspective, Mencius’ text is characterized by its succinct and precise language, logical clarity, and profound implications. His use of simple, yet powerful examples—such as the comparison between roast meat and lamb’s jujube—illustrates complex philosophical ideas in an accessible manner. The passage not only reflects Mencius’ deep philosophical understanding but also exemplifies the elegance of classical Chinese prose.

In contemporary terms, Mencius’ insights continue to offer valuable lessons on balancing respect for societal norms with recognition of individual uniqueness. His emphasis on the importance of both collective and personal values remains relevant as we navigate modern social dynamics. By understanding and applying these principles, we can better appreciate the intricate interplay between public expectations and personal inclinations in our own lives.

Overall, this passage from Mencius serves as a reminder of the importance of harmonizing tradition with individuality. It challenges us to think critically about how we navigate the interplay between public norms and personal preferences, encouraging a thoughtful and respectful approach to both. Through this lens, we gain a deeper appreciation for the enduring relevance of Mencius’ philosophical wisdom in addressing the complexities of human experience.