The Legacy of Zhou: A Tribute Poem
The ancient Chinese poem “鲁颂·閟宫” (Ode to the Ancestral Temple of Lu) stands as a monumental piece in the Book of Songs, showcasing the grandeur and historical significance of the Zhou Dynasty and the state of Lu. Through its elaborate descriptions and ceremonial tones, this poem not only commemorates the ancestors but also highlights the achievements and ongoing legacy of the Zhou rulers and their descendants.
A Reverent Tribute to Ancestral Figures
The poem begins with a portrayal of the serene and solemn atmosphere of the ancestral temple:
“深闭的郊庙清静而又肃穆，它是那样坚固而又很密致。”
(“The secluded ancestral temple is quiet and solemn, solid and compact.”)
This opening sets a reverent tone, emphasizing the temple’s role as a sacred space where the spirits of the ancestors are honored. The imagery of a “坚固而又很密致” (solid and compact) temple reflects the enduring nature of the Zhou Dynasty’s legacy.
The poem then pays tribute to the revered ancestor, Hou Ji, whose virtues and divine favor are celebrated:
“怀念起伟大的始祖母姜源，她品德高尚既不邪也不僻。”
(“Recalling the great ancestor Jiang Yuan, whose virtues were noble and neither corrupt nor eccentric.”)
Jiang Yuan, the mother of Hou Ji, is depicted as a paragon of virtue, having been blessed by heaven and free from disease or disaster. Her exemplary character sets the stage for the greatness of her offspring, Hou Ji.
The Agricultural Legacy of Hou Ji
Hou Ji, the legendary progenitor of agriculture in ancient China, is highlighted for his significant contributions:
“从他拥有自己邦国之日起，就教给人们种庄稼学农艺，有五谷杂粮有金黄的黍米，有长穗水稻也有黑壳稻米。”
(“From the moment he established his own state, he taught people the art of farming, providing them with five kinds of grains, golden millet, long-eared rice, and black rice.”)
This passage underscores Hou Ji’s role in advancing agriculture and providing sustenance to his people. His skills in determining the proper planting times and his innovations in farming techniques are celebrated as foundational contributions to Zhou society.
The Zhou Dynasty’s Rise and Military Success
The poem transitions to the achievements of the Zhou Dynasty, particularly focusing on the military campaigns and the consolidation of power:
“大周发展到文王武王时代，就把太王的未竟事业弘扬。”
(“During the time of King Wen and King Wu, the Great Zhou Dynasty continued the unfinished work of King Tai.”)
King Tai’s ambitions are carried forward by his successors, King Wen and King Wu, who expand and solidify the Zhou Dynasty’s power. The poem commemorates their efforts in completing the mission to overthrow the Shang Dynasty:
“周成王颁发命令给周公说，叔父啊我要赦封你的长子，让他作诸侯去把鲁国执掌，到那里奋发有为拓土开疆，做我大周王室的忠臣良将！”
(“King Cheng issued a decree to the Duke of Zhou, saying, ‘Uncle, I will grant amnesty to your eldest son, making him a feudal lord to govern the state of Lu. He will expand the territory and serve as a loyal minister and general for the Zhou royal family!'”)
King Cheng’s decision to appoint his uncle’s son to rule Lu underscores the importance of loyal and capable leadership in maintaining and expanding Zhou power.
The Grandeur of Rituals and Sacrifices
The poem continues with detailed descriptions of the rituals performed at the ancestral temple:
“排开龙旗仪帐去祭祀先祖，驾车的六条辔绳柔顺从容。”
(“The dragon banners and ceremonial tents are arranged for the ancestral sacrifices, with the six reins of the chariot smooth and composed.”)
The meticulous preparations for the sacrifices, including the offerings of red cattle and the performance of dances, reflect the importance of these rituals in honoring the ancestors and seeking their blessings:
“准备秋天祭祀先祖的神灵，从夏天就开始把牛角固定。”
(“Preparing for the autumnal sacrifice to the ancestral deities begins in summer with the fixing of the ox horns.”)
These preparations highlight the solemnity and dedication involved in the rituals, demonstrating the Zhou Dynasty’s commitment to honoring their ancestors and maintaining their divine favor.
The Military Prowess and Expansion of Lu
The poem also celebrates the military achievements of Lu and its expansion under its rulers:
“鲁僖公大驱举国战车千辆，戟矛装饰红缨弓柄拴绿绳，车上插两杆戟矛两张强弓。”
(“Duke Xi of Lu led a grand mobilization with a thousand chariots, decorated with red tassels and green cords, with two spears and strong bows mounted on each chariot.”)
This depiction of Lu’s military strength and successful campaigns against neighboring tribes illustrates the state’s power and strategic prowess.
A Vision of Prosperity and Longevity
The final sections of the poem convey wishes for continued prosperity and longevity for Lu and its rulers:
“敬祝鲁僖公事业发达昌盛，敬祝您健康长寿安乐一生！”
(“We wish Duke Xi of Lu continued prosperity and success in his endeavors, health, longevity, and a happy life!”)
The poem concludes with heartfelt wishes for the rulers and the state, reflecting the deep-seated values of respect, loyalty, and reverence that pervade Zhou culture.
Conclusion
“鲁颂·閟宫” is a grand ode that weaves together themes of ancestral reverence, agricultural innovation, military achievement, and state prosperity. Through its detailed descriptions and ceremonial tone, the poem offers a rich portrayal of the Zhou Dynasty’s legacy and the enduring significance of honoring one’s ancestors. As one of the longest and most elaborate poems in the Book of Songs, it captures the essence of Zhou’s historical and cultural achievements, reflecting the values and aspirations of the era.