Integrity and Justice in Ancient China

Integrity in Service: The Life of Zhang Shizhi

Zhang Shizhi, known for his unyielding integrity and sense of justice, was a notable figure in ancient China. Born in Duyang (modern-day Nanyang), he was the younger brother of Zhong. Zhang initially served as a cavalry officer during the reign of Emperor Wen of Han. Despite ten years in service without promotion, he remained unknown and without recognition. Frustrated, Zhang expressed his desire to retire, stating, “Long service has diminished Zhong’s wealth, but I have achieved nothing.”

Recognizing Zhang’s talent, the Chief Commandant Yuan Ang recommended him for a higher position, thus beginning his ascent in the Han bureaucracy. Zhang’s first significant encounter with Emperor Wen occurred during a court session where he offered advice. The emperor, favoring practical counsel, instructed Zhang to speak in a manner relevant to contemporary issues. Zhang’s detailed analysis of the successes and failures of the Qin and Han dynasties impressed the emperor, earning him the position of attendant officer.

Upholding the Law: Zhang’s Principles

Zhang’s reputation for fairness and adherence to the law was further solidified during an incident involving a clerk at the Tiger Park. When questioned by Emperor Wen, the clerk provided precise answers, showcasing his knowledge. However, Zhang cautioned the emperor against promoting the clerk solely based on eloquence, warning that such actions could encourage superficiality among officials. His advice led to the clerk not receiving the anticipated promotion.

Zhang’s most celebrated stand came during a trip to the imperial estate. Upon encountering a man who inadvertently startled the emperor’s horse, Zhang applied the law impartially. Despite Emperor Wen’s initial anger, Zhang argued that the law must be consistent and not be altered for personal grievances, emphasizing that the law’s integrity was paramount. His stance was eventually accepted by the emperor, demonstrating Zhang’s commitment to legal principles over personal feelings.

The Humble Statesman: Zhang’s Legacy

Later, Zhang demonstrated humility and respect for the law when a person stole a jade ring from the ancestral temple. While Emperor Wen was incensed and desired severe punishment, Zhang calmly applied the appropriate legal consequences, arguing against disproportionate retribution. This act of moderation and adherence to the law earned him great respect among his peers, including figures like Zhao Zong and Wang Tian, who admired his balanced and fair approach.

Towards the end of Emperor Wen’s reign and into Emperor Jing’s, Zhang Shizhi’s career faced challenges. Concerned about potential repercussions from a past incident involving the crown prince, he considered retiring. However, encouraged by his friend Wang Sheng, a follower of Daoist principles, Zhang continued to serve with the same integrity and diligence that had defined his career.

Zhang Shizhi’s story highlights the importance of integrity, justice, and humility in governance. His unwavering commitment to the law and fairness serves as an enduring example of ethical leadership in ancient China. His actions remind us that true service to the state lies in upholding the law and acting with integrity, regardless of personal risk or reward. Zhang Shizhi’s life and career remain a testament to the enduring value of principled governance.