The Wise Rule of Duke Huan of Zheng

In ancient China, the states of the Zhou dynasty were governed by various dukes, each with their own unique challenges and legacies. One such figure was Duke Huan of Zheng, known for his sagacity and astute governance during the early years of the Zhou dynasty.

Duke Huan, originally named You, was the younger son of King Li of Zhou and the younger brother of King Xuan. He ascended to the throne of Zheng at the age of 33, and his reign was marked by the admiration and support of his people. He was appointed as the Minister of Education by King You, who sought his wisdom in governing the state and unifying the people of Zhou.

During his tenure as Minister of Education, Duke Huan endeavored to unify the people of Zhou, earning their admiration and respect. His policies were focused on harmony and stability, which resonated deeply with the populace living between the Yellow River and Luo River. Duke Huan’s reputation grew, and he became a symbol of hope and stability in turbulent times.

However, challenges arose when Duke Huan noticed signs of discord within the royal court and among the feudal lords. Concerned about the political instability and the growing influence of greedy and opportunistic leaders from the states of Guo and Kuai, Duke Huan sought advice from the Royal Historian.

The Royal Historian advised Duke Huan to consider relocating to the eastern lands near Guo and Kuai, where the people were known for their materialism and self-interest. He warned Duke Huan that remaining in the capital might lead to further political turmoil and unrest. The Duke also contemplated moving to the western regions, but the historian cautioned that the people there were difficult to govern due to their mercenary nature.

Reflecting on the lessons of history, Duke Huan recognized that during times of decline in the Zhou dynasty, the states of Qi, Qin, Jin, and Chu had risen to prominence. Each of these states had contributed significantly to the welfare of the Zhou dynasty and had demonstrated their capabilities in governance and military prowess. Duke Huan realized that these states would inevitably rise to power as the Zhou dynasty weakened.

In a strategic move to consolidate his power and expand his influence, Duke Huan decided to relocate his capital to the eastern lands near Guo and Kuai. This decision was met with resistance from the leaders of Guo and Kuai, who feared Duke Huan’s growing influence and authority. Duke Huan’s popularity among the people of Guo and Kuai forced their leaders to submit ten towns to Duke Huan’s rule, effectively integrating them into the state of Zheng.

However, Duke Huan’s reign was cut short by the invasion of the Quan Rong barbarians, who killed King You of Zhou at Mount Li and subsequently assassinated Duke Huan. The people of Zheng rallied behind Duke Huan’s son, Jue Tu, who ascended the throne and became known as Duke Wu.

Duke Wu continued his father’s legacy, focusing on strengthening the state of Zheng and expanding its territories. He married the daughter of the Marquis of Shen, named Wu Jiang, who bore him a son named Tai Zi Wu Sheng. The birth of Tai Zi Wu Sheng was fraught with difficulties, and the Duchess did not initially show affection towards him. However, she later bore a younger son named Shu Duan, whom she cherished deeply.

During Duke Wu’s reign, the state of Zheng faced external threats and internal rebellions. The neighboring state of Wei attacked the Zhou territories, and Duke Wu’s brother-in-law, Feng, fled to Zheng. In retaliation, Duke Wu led a military campaign against Wei, seizing their agricultural produce.

The following year, the state of Wei attempted to assassinate its ruler, Huan Gong, and sought assistance from the state of Song. Song and Wei launched a joint attack on Zheng, citing their grievances against Duke Wu’s family. Duke Wu responded by forming an alliance with the states of Lu, Yi Sheng, and Xuchang.

During the thirty-third year of Duke Wu’s reign, Song executed Confucius’ father, and in the thirty-seventh year, Duke Wu refused to pay homage to King Huan of Zhou. King Huan of Zhou led an alliance consisting of the states of Chen, Cai, Guo, and Wei to attack Zheng. Duke Wu and his advisors, Ji Zhong and Gao Qumi, launched a counterattack, defeating King Huan’s army. During the battle, Zhou King’s arm was injured by an arrow shot by Duke Wu.

Despite the victory, Ji Zhong was initially raised a