Understanding Filial Piety in Confucianism: Lessons for Modern Society

2·8 Zixia asked about filial piety, and the Master said, “It is difficult to please one’s parents. When there is work to be done, the younger generation should help with the labor; when there is food and drink, the older generation should be served first.

[Notes]

(1) Xìnán: Xìnán means “color,” or “face.” Nán means “not easy.”

(2) Fùláo: Fù means “to serve.” Fùláo means “to serve.”

(3) Shēngshēng: Shēngshēng refers to elders or parents; the disciple mentioned earlier refers to younger people, children, etc.

(4) Zhùn: Zhùn means “food,” or “to eat.”

[Translation]

Zi Xia asked what filial piety was, and Confucius said, “(When a child is to fulfill filial piety), the most difficult thing is to be pleasant to one’s parents. Is it enough to do things for one’s parents, or to have food and wine for them to eat?

[Commentary]

Chapters 5, 6, 7, and 8 of this chapter are all about Confucius talking about filial piety. Confucius’ concept of filial piety was reflected in various aspects and at various levels, reflecting the needs of the patriarchal system and adapting to the needs of the society at that time. A common idea was that one should not only serve one’s parents according to the principles of Zhou rites in form, but also truly respect one’s parents from the bottom of one’s heart.

The Concept of Filial Piety

Filial piety, or “xiào” (孝), is a fundamental virtue in Confucian philosophy. It encompasses a range of behaviors that show respect, care, and support for one’s parents and elders. Confucius highlighted the importance of both actions and attitudes in practicing filial piety, suggesting that genuine respect must come from the heart.

Key Aspects of Filial Piety

Respect and Honor: Demonstrating respect and honor in daily interactions with parents.

Care and Support: Providing for parents’ physical and emotional needs.

Obedience: Listening to and following parents’ guidance and advice.

Harmony: Maintaining family harmony and avoiding actions that could bring shame to the family.

Filial Piety in Confucian Teachings

Confucius taught that filial piety was more than just performing duties. It required a heartfelt commitment to making parents happy and comfortable. This included helping with labor, serving food and drink, and ensuring their well-being in all aspects of life.

Example from Confucius

In a conversation with his disciple Zixia, Confucius emphasized that true filial piety involves making one’s parents happy and content, beyond merely providing for their material needs. He pointed out that while serving food and performing tasks for parents is important, the true challenge lies in maintaining a cheerful and pleasant demeanor to truly please one’s parents.

Historical Context of Filial Piety

The concept of filial piety has been a pillar of Chinese society for centuries. It was not only a personal virtue but also a social obligation. During Confucius’ time, the patriarchal system emphasized the importance of family hierarchy and the respect for elders as a means to maintain social order.

Evolution Over Time

Over the centuries, the practice of filial piety has evolved. While the core principles remain unchanged, the ways in which filial piety is expressed have adapted to changing social and economic conditions. Today, filial piety may manifest in providing financial support, spending quality time, and ensuring parents have access to modern healthcare.

Modern Applications of Filial Piety

In today’s fast-paced world, the principles of filial piety can still offer valuable guidance. Here are some ways to integrate these timeless values into modern life:

Communication: Regularly communicate with parents to understand their needs and preferences.

Quality Time: Spend meaningful time with parents, engaging in activities they enjoy.

Support: Offer practical support, such as helping with errands or managing healthcare needs.

Respect: Show respect in all interactions, valuing their wisdom and experience.