Understanding the True Scholar: Confucian Perspectives on Integrity and Leadership
Zi Gong asked, “What is the way to be a worthy person (1)? The Master said, “He who has a sense of shame in his conduct, and is not ashamed to go on missions for the state, may be called a gentleman.” He said, “May I ask what is next?” The Master said, “He who is called filial by his clan, and respectful by his neighbors, may be called a gentleman.” He said, “May I ask what is next?” The Master said, “He who is sure in his words, and resolute in his conduct, may be called a gentleman.” He said, “May I ask what is next?” The Master said, “He who is scrupulous in his conduct, and is not ashamed to go on missions for the state, may be called a gentleman.” He said, “May I ask what is next?” The Master said, “He who is called a gentleman by his clan, and respectful by his neighbors, may be called a gentleman.” He said, “May I ask what is next?” The Master said, “He who is sure in his words, and resolute What a petty person!
[Notes] (1) Shi: In the Zhou Dynasty, the shi were the lowest class of nobility. Later, the shi became a general term for intellectuals in ancient society. (2) Guo: decisive, resolute. (3) Kēng: a sound like the sound of a stone being struck. Here it is extended to mean hard as a stone. (4) A person of small capacity: Shāo, a bamboo container with a capacity of one dou and two liang. It is used as a metaphor for a person with a small capacity.
[Translation] Zi Gong asked, “What is the definition of a scholar?” Confucius said, “A person who has a sense of shame when doing things and who can accomplish the mission entrusted by the sovereign when sent to foreign countries can be called a scholar.” Zi Gong asked, “What about the next level?” Confucius said, “People in his clan praise him for being filial to his parents, and his neighbors praise him for respecting his elders.” Zi Gong asked again, “What about those who are even better than that?” Confucius said, “Those who are able to keep their promises and see things through to the end, and who stubbornly stick to their own opinions without asking whether they are right or wrong, are petty people. But they can also be said to be even better than that.” Zi Gong said, “What do you think of the current rulers?” Confucius said, “Alas! How can these petty people be counted as scholars?”
[Commentary] In Confucius’ view, a “scholar” is first of all someone who has a sense of shame and does not dishonor the king’s orders, and who can shoulder certain national missions. Second, he is someone who is filial to his parents and obedient to his elders. Third, he is someone who “speaks with conviction and acts with determination.” As for the current rulers, he believes that they are narrow-minded people and are not worthy of being called scholars. He only cultivates those who have the first two virtues.
In the rich tapestry of Chinese philosophy, Confucius provides profound insights into what it means to be a true scholar or “shi” (士). This term, which initially referred to the lowest rank of nobility during the Zhou Dynasty, evolved to represent intellectuals and those who embody moral integrity in ancient China. In this discourse, Confucius clarifies the qualities that distinguish a true scholar from others, offering timeless wisdom relevant to modern leadership and personal development.
1. The Core Attributes of a Scholar
Confucius begins by defining the primary characteristic of a true scholar: the ability to act with integrity and honor in all situations. According to Confucius, a true scholar is someone who, when entrusted with a mission by their sovereign, fulfills it without dishonoring their ruler’s trust. This quality of acting with honor and adhering to one’s responsibilities is central to the role of a scholar.
2. The Secondary Qualities: Respect and Diligence
When asked by his disciple Zigong about the next tier of qualities, Confucius highlights the importance of filial piety and respect within one’s community. A scholar should be revered by their family for their dedication to their parents and by their community for their respectful behavior towards elders. This respect and dedication contribute to the scholar’s standing in society and further define their character.
3. The Next Level: Integrity and Resolve
Confucius then addresses the qualities that come next in the hierarchy of being a scholar. A person who is known for their unwavering honesty and commitment to their promises, and who demonstrates steadfast resolve in their actions, can be regarded as a scholar. However, Confucius also notes that being overly rigid and insistent on one’s views, regardless of context, reflects a lesser level of integrity, yet still qualifies one as a scholar.
4. The Current Leaders: A Critical View
When questioned about contemporary leaders, Confucius expresses disillusionment. He criticizes them as being narrow-minded and lacking the broad vision required for true leadership. In his view, such individuals do not embody the qualities of a true scholar and thus fall short of the esteemed standards he advocates.
5. Implications for Modern Leadership
Confucius’ reflections offer valuable lessons for contemporary leadership and personal growth. The qualities of integrity, respect, commitment, and broad-mindedness are as crucial today as they were in ancient China. Leaders who strive to act with honor, respect their families and communities, and maintain resolute integrity will find themselves better equipped to lead effectively and earn respect.
In summary, Confucius’ teachings provide a framework for understanding what it means to be a true scholar, emphasizing a blend of personal virtue, social respect, and steadfastness. These timeless principles continue to resonate, offering guidance for those who seek to lead with honor and integrity in any era.