Mencius’ Critique of Power and Morality in the Warring States Period

Introduction: Mencius and His Philosophical Critique

Mencius, one of the most influential Confucian philosophers, is known for his profound insights into morality and governance. His teachings often address the ethical failings of rulers and officials, offering a vision of a just and harmonious society based on Confucian values. In this discourse, Mencius critiques the behavior of the “Five Hegemons” and contemporary rulers, highlighting the deviation from the ideals of the ancient sage kings.

The Sins of the Five Hegemons

Mencius begins by stating, “The so-called Five Hegemons are the sinners against the three sage kings. The current feudal lords are also sinners against the Five Hegemons. The current ministers are the sinners of the current feudal lords.” Here, Mencius establishes a hierarchy of moral decline, suggesting that the actions of the Five Hegemons betray the legacy of the ancient sage kings (Yao, Shun, and Yu), and that contemporary rulers and ministers have further degraded these ideals.

The Role of the Emperor and Feudal Lords

Mencius explains the traditional duties of the emperor and the feudal lords: “When the emperor visits the feudal lords, it is called a ‘tour of inspection.’ When the feudal lords visit the emperor, it is called ‘reporting duties.’ In spring, the emperor inspects the spring plowing to aid those in need. In autumn, he inspects the harvest to help those who are lacking. When entering a feudal domain, if the land is cultivated, the fields are managed, the elderly are respected, and the capable are in positions of power, the lord is rewarded with land. Conversely, if the land is neglected, the elderly are abandoned, and the corrupt are in power, the lord is reprimanded.”

Critique of Current Practices

Mencius contrasts this ideal with the current state of affairs: “If a lord fails to report for the first time, his rank is reduced; for the second time, his land is reduced; for the third time, the Six Armies are dispatched to his territory. Thus, the emperor censures but does not attack, while the feudal lords attack but do not censure.” He criticizes the Five Hegemons for exploiting their power under the guise of serving the emperor, calling them “sinners against the three sage kings.”

The Fall of Morality Among the Hegemons

Mencius focuses particularly on Duke Huan of Qi, the most powerful of the Five Hegemons: “At the Kuiqiu Assembly, he bound the livestock and used written agreements instead of blood oaths. During the first assembly, they proclaimed, ‘Punish the unfilial, do not easily change the crown prince, and do not elevate concubines to the status of wives.’ During the second assembly, they proclaimed, ‘Respect the virtuous, cultivate talent, and honor the moral.’ During the third assembly, they proclaimed, ‘Respect the elderly, care for the young, and do not slight guests and travelers.’ During the fourth assembly, they proclaimed, ‘Do not make official positions hereditary, do not hold multiple offices, ensure scholars meet standards, and do not arbitrarily kill officials.’ During the fifth assembly, they proclaimed, ‘Do not build dikes arbitrarily, do not restrict grain trade, and do not grant titles without reporting.’ They also swore, ‘After signing the alliance, maintain peace and friendship.’ The current feudal lords violate all five proclamations, making them sinners of the Five Hegemons.”

Mencius’ Philosophical Insight

Mencius’ discourse not only criticizes the failings of contemporary rulers but also offers a profound insight into the nature of ethical governance. He asserts that those who assist in a ruler’s evil deeds bear minor guilt, while those who actively encourage such behavior bear greater guilt. This reflects his deep disdain for the officials who enable and exacerbate the moral decay of their rulers.

The Ideal of Political Order

Mencius’ vision of political order is one where rulers and officials adhere to ethical standards and respect the hierarchy of moral responsibility. The emperor should guide and support the feudal lords, who in turn should ensure the well-being of their people. This ideal is starkly contrasted with the reality of Mencius’ time, where power struggles and self-interest dominate.

Mencius’ Call for Moral Integrity

The discourse highlights Mencius’ call for a return to moral integrity and the principles of the ancient sage kings. He emphasizes that true leadership involves nurturing talent, respecting the elderly, and ensuring the welfare of the people. This requires a commitment to ethical conduct and a rejection of self-serving behavior.

The Relevance of Mencius’ Teachings Today

Mencius’ critique remains relevant in contemporary discussions about leadership and governance. His emphasis on moral responsibility and ethical governance provides a valuable framework for evaluating modern political systems. By prioritizing the common good and adhering to ethical standards, leaders can create a more just and harmonious society.

Conclusion: Mencius’ Legacy

Mencius’ teachings offer a timeless critique of power and morality. His insights into the failings of the Five Hegemons and contemporary rulers highlight the enduring relevance of Confucian values. By advocating for ethical governance and moral integrity, Mencius’ philosophy continues to inspire and guide those seeking to create a just and equitable society.

Final Thoughts: Embracing Ethical Leadership

In an era where power often takes precedence over morality, Mencius’ teachings remind us of the importance of ethical leadership. By embracing Confucian values, we can foster a society that prioritizes the common good, respects moral principles, and ensures the well-being of all its members.