Mencius on Duty and Respect: A Lesson in Ethical Conduct and Relations with Rulers

In an intriguing account from the Confucian classic Mencius, the philosopher Mencius engages in a profound discussion on the nature of respect and duty between a subject and a ruler. This episode not only reflects Mencius’ ethical stance but also provides a broader commentary on the moral dimensions of authority and personal integrity.

The Encounter

Mencius was preparing to visit the King of Qi when the king sent a messenger to inform him that he was unable to meet due to illness but would be available the next morning. Mencius replied, “Unfortunately, I am also ill and unable to attend the court.”

The next day, Mencius planned to attend a mourning ceremony at the home of Dong Guo. Gongsun Chou remarked, “Yesterday, you declined the king’s invitation, citing illness. Yet today you are attending a mourning ceremony. This seems inconsistent.”

Mencius responded, “I was ill yesterday, but today I am better. Why should I not attend the mourning ceremony?”

The King of Qi then sent a physician to check on Mencius and to inquire about his health. Meng Zhongzi, a minister, responded, “Yesterday, when the king’s order was issued, he was indeed ill. Today, he has slightly recovered, but I do not know if he will make it to the court.” Meng Zhongzi then instructed his staff to intercept Mencius on the road and to insist that he go directly to the court.

Mencius, reluctantly, had to stay at the home of Jing Chou. Jing Chou criticized him, saying, “In the family, the relationship between father and son is based on love and kindness, while the relationship between ruler and subject is based on respect. I see that the King of Qi shows you respect, but I do not see the respect you show the king.”

Mencius replied, “What you say is not correct. Among the people of Qi, no one discusses virtue and righteousness with the king. Is it because they think virtue and righteousness are not worth discussing? No, it is because they believe that such a king does not deserve to be taught about virtue. For me, I would not dare present the teachings of Yao and Shun to the king if I did not hold such respect. Thus, no one shows more respect to the King of Qi than I do.”

Jing Chou argued, “I am not referring to this aspect. The Book of Rites says that when summoned by a father, one should respond promptly without delay; when summoned by a king, one should not wait for preparations but should respond immediately. You, however, declined the king’s summons and chose not to go, which seems inconsistent with the rites.”

Mencius responded, “I understand your point now. Zengzi once said, ‘The wealth of Jin and Chu is unmatched. However, they have their wealth, and I have my virtue; they have their titles, and I have my righteousness. What is there to envy?’ Zengzi’s words must have some reason. There are three things that are most respected: titles, age, and virtue. Among these, titles are the highest in the court, age is the highest in the community, and virtue is the highest in guiding the ruler and people. Therefore, a great ruler should respect virtuous ministers and seek their counsel personally if needed. This is called respecting virtue and loving righteousness. If a ruler does not do this, he cannot achieve great success. For example, King Tang of the Shang dynasty learned from Yi Yin before appointing him as a minister, and thus unified the world effortlessly; Duke Huan of Qi learned from Guan Zhong before making him a minister, and thus dominated the lords effortlessly. Now, all the lands are similar, and the rulers’ virtues are comparable. The reason why no one excels is that the rulers only prefer ministers who agree with them rather than those who can teach them. Since King Tang and Duke Huan did not summon Yi Yin and Guan Zhong, how could anyone less worthy be summoned?”

Analysis

This excerpt from Mencius provides a detailed examination of Mencius’ views on the relationships between rulers and their subjects, emphasizing the role of virtue and respect in these dynamics.

1. Historical Context and Ethical Norms

Mencius’ response reflects the strict ethical and social norms of ancient China, where interactions between rulers and subjects were governed by principles of propriety and respect. The episode illustrates how Mencius navigated these norms, balancing his duties with his principles. His refusal to attend the court under certain circumstances demonstrates his commitment to personal integrity and moral standards.

2. The Principle of Respect and Duty

Mencius’ explanation highlights the importance of context in ethical decision-making. He argues that genuine respect for a ruler involves more than mere compliance with protocol; it requires a deep-seated commitment to moral values and a willingness to uphold those values even when it conflicts with immediate duties. His refusal to visit the king, despite his illness, underscores his belief that true respect cannot be measured merely by outward gestures but must align with one’s ethical convictions.

3. Philosophical Insights

Mencius’ response also delves into Confucian philosophy, particularly the ideas of virtue and righteousness. He contrasts material wealth and titles with moral integrity, asserting that true respect comes from recognizing and upholding virtue. His use of historical examples, such as King Tang and Duke Huan, underscores his belief that successful rulers respect and learn from virtuous individuals, rather than simply adhering to superficial protocols.

4. Rhetorical Techniques and Literary Style

Mencius employs rhetorical techniques such as analogies and comparisons to reinforce his arguments. By referencing Zengzi’s views and historical examples, he effectively illustrates his points about virtue and respect. His argument is structured to show that respect and duty are not merely about following rules but about aligning with deeper ethical principles.

5. Broader Implications

This dialogue offers valuable lessons on how to navigate ethical dilemmas and maintain personal integrity. It emphasizes that respect for authority must be coupled with a commitment to moral values and that true virtue involves understanding and addressing the deeper principles underlying social interactions.

The dialogue between Mencius and his contemporaries reveals his deep understanding of ethical conduct and the complex dynamics between rulers and their subjects. His insights into the nature of respect and duty provide a framework for evaluating personal and political relationships, highlighting the importance of virtue and integrity. This analysis not only enhances our understanding of Confucian thought but also offers timeless guidance on navigating ethical challenges in any era.