The Ideal of Moral Rectitude: Mencius’ Definition of a Great Man

In the text “Mencius Responds to Jing Chun’s Praise of Public Figures,” Jing Chun praises Gong Sun Yan and Zhang Yi as true great men, stating that their wrath makes feudal lords fearful and their presence extinguishes conflicts across the realm. Mencius responds, “How can they be considered great men? Have you not learned the norms of social behavior? When a boy undergoes the rite of passage into manhood, his father gives him instructions. When a girl is about to marry, her mother advises her and accompanies her to the gate, warning her, ‘In your new home, you must be respectful and cautious, never defy your husband.’ This is the path in life for women as wives and concubines. Distinguishing among the many discernible things under heaven, establishing correct names throughout the realm, and promoting the greatest way under heaven: if one succeeds, people will comply; if not, one should follow one’s own path. Wealth and power should not lead to excess, poverty and low status should not shake one’s determination, facing might and power without yielding—that is what constitutes a great man!”

Analysis

This passage from “Mencius Responds to Jing Chun’s Praise of Public Figures,” found in Mencius’ works under “Teng Wengong II,” represents a dialogue between Mencius and Jing Chun regarding the definition of a great man. Mencius’ discourse is profound, illustrating the lofty expectations of Confucian thought concerning human character and behavior.

Jing Chun initially praises Gong Sun Yan and Zhang Yi as great men due to their ability to intimidate feudal lords and bring peace to the realm. However, Mencius disagrees, asserting that their prowess is merely a result of political maneuvering rather than genuine greatness.

Mencius proceeds to outline the qualities and standards of conduct expected of a true great man. According to him, a great man should dwell in the most expansive residence under heaven—possessing a heart filled with compassion; stand in the most correct position under heaven—upholding righteousness; and walk on the broadest path under heaven—seeking truth. These three dimensions constitute the dwelling, standing, and walking of a great man, reflecting the core values of Confucianism.

In Mencius’ discourse, there is also a notable emphasis on “will.” When a great man achieves success, he should rejoice with the people; when faced with adversity, he should uphold his principles. This steadfast commitment to one’s aspirations demonstrates an unwavering spirit, a quality highly esteemed by Mencius in defining a great man.

Of particular significance is Mencius’ assertion that “wealth and power should not lead to excess, poverty and low status should not shake one’s determination, facing might and power without yielding.” These succinct statements serve as a powerful criterion for assessing a person’s moral character.

Rhetorically, Mencius employs parallelism and antithesis to enhance the logical coherence and emotional impact of his discourse. His language is concise yet profound, conveying deep meaning and showcasing Mencius’ rhetorical prowess as a representative of Confucian thought.

This passage of classical Chinese literature not only articulates Mencius’ definition of a great man but also encapsulates the Confucian ideal of human character and conduct. It emphasizes how individuals should uphold righteousness, maintain integrity, and pursue truth amidst the complexities of life. It holds significant implications for understanding Confucian thought, shaping personal character, and contemplating social ethics in contemporary contexts.