Translation and Analysis
The Moral Teachings of Mencius: Upholding Integrity and Principle
In this excerpt from the “Li Lou Shang” chapter of Mencius, the dialogue between Mencius and Chen Dai is recorded. Chen Dai uses an example from Qi Jinggong’s hunting expedition to argue for the use of indirect methods to achieve one’s goals, while Mencius counters with an example involving Zhao Jianzi’s appointment of Wang Liang and his favorite, Xi, for hunting. They discuss how Wang Liang, by adhering to principles, proves his exceptional skill despite Xi’s initial criticism.
Mencius’s discourse emphasizes his moral philosophy, particularly the principle of not compromising principles for the sake of achieving objectives, which is central to his “uprightness without compromise” and “acting in accordance with righteousness” Confucian thought.
Initially, Mencius quotes a line from the “Book of Songs”: “Driving a chariot, racing horses, extremely proficient, releasing arrows, as if shooting through the very heart of things.” This phrase expresses his steadfastness in morals and principles. The term “racing” refers to the correct path, while “releasing arrows, as if shooting through the very heart of things” vividly illustrates his determination to adhere to principles. By quoting this line, Mencius makes clear his viewpoint: one must not abandon principles in pursuit of goals, embodying his philosophy of “uprightness without compromise.”
Moreover, Mencius further supports his argument using the example of Zhao Jianzi’s employment of Wang Liang and Xi for hunting. In this story, Wang Liang, in order to maintain his principles, prefers not to catch a single bird rather than resort to deceit to catch ten birds. This narrative deepens Mencius’s perspective that one should not take indirect actions for the sake of benefits. This represents his philosophy of “acting in accordance with righteousness.”
In this dialogue, Mencius’s language is concise and forceful, his reasoning strong, his viewpoints distinct, fully showcasing his dialectical skills and Confucian philosophy. His moral philosophy still holds significant enlightening power for modern society. In the pursuit of interests, we must not forget morals and principles, nor should we take indirect paths for the sake of goals. As Mencius said, “One who deviates from the right path has never been able to correct the paths of others.” This is a steadfast adherence to moral principles and respect for human nature.
In summary, this classical Chinese text, through the dialogue between Mencius and Chen Dai, reveals Mencius’s Confucian thoughts, particularly his beliefs in “uprightness without compromise” and “acting in accordance with righteousness.” It is a profound and philosophically rich classical Chinese text worthy of in-depth study and reflection.
This translation captures the essence of the original Chinese text while presenting Mencius’s philosophical arguments in a manner accessible to English-speaking audiences, highlighting his emphasis on integrity and ethical conduct.