Understanding Confucian Virtue: The Exemplary Lives of Yao, Shun, Tang, and Wu

In the classic Chinese text Mencius, we find a profound exploration of virtue and moral conduct through the lives of revered figures from ancient history. Mencius, a pivotal Confucian thinker, contrasts the nature of truly virtuous individuals with those who merely conform to social norms for personal gain. Here’s a detailed examination of his insights:

Mencius remarked, “Yao and Shun were embodiments of innate virtue; Tang and Wu, on the other hand, were examples of returning to one’s true nature. Actions and demeanor that align with societal norms reflect the highest expression of moral grandeur. Mourning the deceased out of genuine sorrow, not for the benefit of the living; adhering to moral principles without seeking material gains; speaking truthfully not to improve one’s conduct; and following the law only as a reflection of fate—all these exemplify the behavior of a true gentleman.”

Analysis

This passage from Mencius reveals his perspective on the nature of virtue and the conduct expected from individuals who aspire to moral excellence. Mencius draws upon historical figures to illustrate his point, emphasizing the essence of true virtue and moral behavior.

The Nature of Innate Virtue and the Return to True Self

Mencius begins by distinguishing between two types of virtuous individuals: Yao and Shun are described as embodying innate virtue, while Tang and Wu represent a return to one’s true nature. This distinction is crucial in understanding Mencius’s view of morality.

Yao and Shun are often regarded as models of virtue who naturally embodied the qualities of benevolence and righteousness. Their actions were not merely the result of external influences but stemmed from their intrinsic moral nature. They were exemplary because their virtues were innate, reflecting an ideal state of moral purity.

Tang and Wu, in contrast, achieved their virtue through a return to their true nature. This return was a conscious effort to align themselves with their inherent moral values after facing corruption or moral decline. Their actions, therefore, were not instinctive but a result of deliberate effort to restore their moral compass.

The Four Key Principles of Virtuous Conduct

Mencius highlights four key principles that are vital for understanding and practicing virtue:

Adhering to Social Norms: True virtue involves aligning one’s actions and demeanor with societal norms. This principle underscores the importance of respecting social etiquette and the expectations of conduct within a community.

Genuine Mourning: Mencius points out that mourning should be driven by sincere sorrow for the deceased rather than a means to benefit the living. This principle emphasizes the importance of authenticity in expressing grief and respect.

Adherence to Moral Principles Without Seeking Personal Gain: Upholding moral values should not be motivated by the desire for material rewards. True virtue involves following ethical principles for their own sake, not for personal advantage.

Truthfulness in Speech: Being honest in one’s communication is essential, not merely as a means of improving personal conduct but as an intrinsic value. This highlights the significance of integrity and truthfulness.

The Role of Fate and Law

Mencius concludes with the notion that a gentleman’s behavior is governed by adherence to moral laws and acceptance of fate. “Following the law only as a reflection of fate” suggests that true virtue involves conforming to ethical standards as a reflection of one’s understanding of destiny rather than as a means to control or manipulate outcomes.

The Implications for Moral Practice

Mencius’s discussion provides valuable insights into the practice of virtue:

Innate vs. Developed Virtue: Understanding the distinction between innate virtue and virtue achieved through effort helps in appreciating the different paths individuals may take toward moral excellence.

Authenticity in Virtue: The emphasis on genuine mourning and adherence to moral principles for their own sake highlights the importance of authenticity in virtuous conduct.

Integrity and Fate: The focus on truthfulness and the acceptance of fate underscores the need for integrity in personal conduct and the acceptance of moral laws as reflections of a larger moral order.

Overall, Mencius’s reflections offer a profound understanding of virtue, emphasizing that true moral behavior arises from both an innate disposition and a conscious return to one’s ethical principles. By studying the lives of Yao, Shun, Tang, and Wu, we gain insights into the nature of virtuous conduct and the principles that guide moral behavior.

This examination of Mencius’s teachings provides a framework for understanding how historical examples can inform our approach to virtue and morality today. It encourages individuals to reflect on their actions, align them with ethical principles, and strive for a deeper understanding of true virtue.