Simple Feasts
Gourd leaves flutter, gourd fragrance lingers,
Plucked for dishes, boiled into soups.
Gentlemen prepare fine wine,
Fill the cups, and invite guests to savor.
Wild rabbit, tender and fresh,
Roasted and simmered, flavors divine.
Gentlemen prepare fine wine,
Fill the cups, a toast to the guests.
Wild rabbit, tender and fresh,
Roasted and smoked, a delightful dish.
Gentlemen prepare fine wine,
Fill the cups, observe the rituals.
Wild rabbit, tender and fresh,
Simmered and roasted, a tasty treat.
Gentlemen prepare fine wine,
Fill the cups, and urge another drink.
This poem “” from “Minor Odes” (《小雅·瓠叶》) paints a vivid picture of a humble yet heartfelt hospitality. Spanning four chapters, it employs a repetitive and rhythmic structure, characteristic of the Minor Odes, yet it also bears resemblances to the Airs of the States due to its frequent refrains and vivid, less grandiose depictions. The poem epitomizes the “Western Zhou folk customs” as suggested by Gong Cheng in “The Original Meaning of the Poems.”
The first chapter begins with the image of gourd leaves, a symbol of simplicity and rustic charm. Despite the humble fare, the host’s genuine intent is evident in the phrase “plucked and cooked,” accompanied by an invitation to share in the prepared wine. The use of pronouns accelerates the pace, imbuing the poem with a lively and joyous tone. The rhyme in “亨” (cook) and “尝” (taste) sets a spirited and upbeat mood for the poem.
The subsequent three chapters center around the white-headed rabbit, underscoring the simplicity of the meal. The recurring mention of the rabbit in different culinary contexts (“roasted,” “simmered,” “smoked”) reflects the ritualistic nature of offering, toasting, and reciprocating. This repetition emphasizes the modesty of the feast, contrasting starkly with more lavish meals mentioned in other Minor Odes, like “Felling Trees” (《小雅·伐木》) with “fat lambs” and “fat oxen,” and “Fish in the Kettle” (《小雅·鱼丽》) with various fish dishes.
In “,” the host’s efforts to turn simple ingredients into delectable dishes, complemented by the ritual of offering wine, reflect a deep respect for the guests. The ritualistic “三献三酢” (three offerings, three toasts) highlights the host’s sincere hospitality and the joy shared among the guests.
While “” may not be considered a top-tier ode in terms of artistic sophistication, it holds significant historical value. It showcases the enduring culinary traditions of the Chinese people and reflects the culture’s emphasis on modesty, respect, and the ritualistic sharing of meals.
A Deeper Look into “”
In ancient China, hospitality was not solely measured by the extravagance of the feast but by the sincerity and effort put into hosting. The poem “” exemplifies this ethos. The gourd leaves and rabbit symbolize the simplicity and frugality that were often necessary in a largely agrarian society. Yet, the repetition of “gentlemen prepare fine wine” underscores the importance of sharing and community, transcending the simplicity of the ingredients.
The act of preparing and sharing food in “” is a testament to the host’s reverence for the guests. Despite the humble fare, the elaborate preparation methods—roasting, simmering, and smoking—demonstrate a dedication to making the most of available resources. This dedication is further emphasized by the ritualistic offering and toasting of wine, which, although simple, is performed with utmost respect and formality.
In traditional Chinese culture, the process of sharing food and drink serves as a powerful symbol of unity and respect. The repetitive structure of “” mirrors the repetitive and cyclical nature of agricultural life, where each season brings its own challenges and rewards. The poem, therefore, is not just about a single feast but a reflection of the broader cultural values of perseverance, respect, and communal harmony.
The poem’s historical significance also lies in its portrayal of a societal ideal where hospitality is a communal value, and respect for guests is paramount. This ideal is vividly brought to life through the careful, respectful treatment of even the simplest ingredients and the joyful, respectful interaction between host and guest.
The Cultural Significance
The cultural backdrop of “” is steeped in the values of the Western Zhou dynasty, a period known for its emphasis on rituals and social hierarchy. The preparation of food and the act of dining together were deeply ritualistic and symbolic acts. The poem reflects these cultural values by portraying a scene where the act of hospitality is performed with great care and reverence, regardless of the simplicity of the ingredients.
In modern times, “” can be seen as a reminder of the timeless values of hospitality and community. It underscores the idea that the spirit of sharing and the respect for one’s guests are more important than the material wealth displayed at the table. This perspective is particularly relevant in today’s fast-paced world, where the essence of communal meals can sometimes be overshadowed by the pursuit of culinary extravagance.
In conclusion, “” is a poetic celebration of modesty, respect, and the timeless value of hospitality. Through its vivid imagery and repetitive structure, the poem captures the essence of a culture where the act of sharing a meal transcends the simplicity of the ingredients, reflecting a deep-seated respect for tradition, community, and the joy of togetherness.