The Year-Round Struggles of Ancient Farmers

The poem “Seven Months” from the Book of Songs (Shijing), known for its detailed depiction of ancient agricultural life, paints a vivid picture of the seasonal rhythms and challenges faced by early Chinese farmers. This ancient piece, the longest in the Book of Songs, is a rich tapestry that weaves together the hardships of rural life with a poignant narrative of toil and perseverance.

The poem opens with a description of the harsh summer heat and the subsequent arrival of autumn and winter. In July, when the intense heat of summer is fading, and September ushers in the task of sewing warm clothes, the poem sets the tone for the struggles of the farmers. By November, the biting north wind makes life increasingly difficult, and by December, the cold becomes almost unbearable. The farmers, lacking adequate clothing, face a grim struggle to endure the severe winter conditions.

As the cold season drags on, the narrative shifts to the new year, when farmers begin repairing their plows and preparing for the next cycle of planting. The poem highlights the seasonal rhythm of agricultural work, where the arrival of spring marks the beginning of a new cycle of planting and growth. Families work together, with men in the fields and women and children bringing meals to support the labor.

In the second chapter, the focus shifts to the spring activities of women who harvest mulberry leaves to feed silkworms. The arrival of spring brings warmth and the song of orioles, as women, carrying baskets, walk along the paths to gather these leaves. Despite the cheerful onset of spring, there is an underlying anxiety among the women, reflecting their fears of being taken away by the local elite.

The third chapter transitions to the summer months, depicting the process of weaving and dyeing textiles. The women’s labor is dedicated to producing clothing for the elite, rather than for themselves. The poem describes the meticulous work involved in preparing various textiles, with colors ranging from black and yellow to the vibrant red, all destined for the wealthy rather than the farmers.

The fourth chapter introduces the hunting activities that supplement the farmers’ lives. In April, the seeds of the wild ginger mature, and by May, the cicadas sing. As autumn arrives, the farmers turn to hunting to provide furs and skins for the elite. This chapter emphasizes the continued struggle and the duality of their existence: even as they harvest crops, they are also expected to hunt game to meet the demands of their rulers.

The fifth chapter describes the preparations for winter. It details the process of preparing homes to withstand the cold, including blocking gaps to keep out the wind and smoking out mice. The chapter reflects the relentless nature of their work, as they strive to ensure their homes are ready for the harsh winter months.

The sixth chapter shifts focus to additional labor and seasonal tasks. In July and August, farmers harvest melons and gourds, while in September, they collect sesame seeds. Despite their hard work, they face the challenge of feeding their families with limited resources, often resorting to cooking bitter greens to survive.

Throughout the poem, the seasonal activities are depicted with a sense of realism and attention to detail. From the rigors of agricultural labor to the demands of seasonal tasks, the poem provides an unvarnished look at the life of ancient farmers. It captures not only the physical demands of their work but also the emotional and social struggles inherent in their lives.

The detailed depiction of each month’s tasks serves to illustrate the farmers’ year-round labor and the challenges they face. The poem’s structure reflects the cyclical nature of their work, while also highlighting the stark contrast between their own meager existence and the comforts enjoyed by the elite.

The portrayal of the farmers’ lives in the poem offers a glimpse into the hardships of ancient agricultural societies. It reflects a deep-seated reality of labor and survival, showcasing the resilience of those who worked tirelessly to maintain their livelihoods amid the demands of both nature and society. The poem stands as a testament to the enduring spirit of the ancient Chinese peasantry, offering valuable insights into their daily struggles and the broader social context of their lives.