“Triumph of Zhou over Xu”

In ancient China, the Zhou dynasty was renowned for its military prowess and strategic leadership. The poem “Da Ya · Chang Wu” from the “Book of Songs” (Shijing) celebrates a significant military campaign led by King Xuan of Zhou against the rebellious state of Xu. This narrative poem not only recounts the events of the campaign but also highlights the virtues of leadership, strategy, and the pursuit of justice.

The Call to Arms

The poem begins with a vivid portrayal of the Zhou dynasty’s preparation for the campaign. King Xuan, described as a formidable and wise ruler, commands his trusted officials and generals to prepare for war. Among these officials is the grand historian Yinshi, who plays a crucial role in organizing the campaign. The poem emphasizes the importance of discipline and readiness, as the king instructs his officials to forge weapons and train the troops.

The mention of prominent figures like Nan Zhong, the ancestor of this powerful minister, and the involvement of senior officials like Huangfu, who oversees military affairs, underscores the significance of this campaign. The king’s directive to Huangfu to “整顿我大周军队” (“reorganize our great Zhou army”) and prepare for battle reflects the meticulous planning and high stakes involved in this military endeavor.

The March to War

As the Zhou army marches towards the state of Xu, the poem vividly describes their disciplined and confident advance. The soldiers, under the king’s command, move neither hastily nor sluggishly, reflecting a calm assurance in their victory. This depiction contrasts sharply with the reaction of the Xu state, where the impending arrival of the Zhou forces causes panic and chaos. The poem likens the Xu court’s reaction to “清天霹雳头顶炸响” (“a sudden thunderclap”), highlighting their shock and fear.

The Zhou army’s approach is depicted as an unstoppable force, with imagery of “雷震势如云水怒” (“thunderous like a storm and fierce as raging waters”). This powerful metaphor underscores the might and inevitability of the Zhou’s military success. The disciplined advance and the strategic positioning along the Huai River further showcase the Zhou army’s superior tactics and preparedness.

The Battle and Victory

The poem’s climax details the battle itself, where the Zhou forces, likened to “如狼似虎的兵和将” (“soldiers and generals like wolves and tigers”), launch a ferocious attack on the Xu forces. The Zhou army’s assault is described as overwhelming, with drums beating and battle cries echoing, creating an atmosphere of chaos and fear among the Xu troops. The Zhou forces quickly secure the strategic high ground along the Huai River, establishing a strong defensive position and capturing numerous prisoners.

The poem’s portrayal of the Zhou army’s advance as “稳扎稳打接力向前冲” (“steady and relentless in their advance”) highlights their discipline and tactical acumen. The Zhou’s overwhelming strength and strategic superiority are further emphasized by the description of their forces as “威不可测” (“unfathomable and unbeatable”), underscoring the inevitability of their victory.

Aftermath and Reflection

In the aftermath of the battle, the poem reflects on the consequences of the Zhou’s victory. The Xu state, once a formidable opponent, is now subdued and willing to submit to Zhou’s authority. The poem attributes this victory not only to the military prowess of the Zhou forces but also to the wise and just leadership of King Xuan. The king’s strategic foresight and moral authority are seen as crucial factors in securing the loyalty and cooperation of the defeated Xu state.

The poem concludes with a sense of triumph and relief, as the Zhou forces return home victorious. The repetition of the phrase “徐方” (“Xu state”) in the final stanzas underscores the significance of this victory for the Zhou dynasty. The poem celebrates the king’s successful campaign and the restoration of peace and order, attributing this accomplishment to the king’s virtues of wisdom, justice, and leadership.

Conclusion: The Legacy of “Da Ya · Chang Wu”

“Da Ya · Chang Wu” serves as both a historical record and a moral lesson, extolling the virtues of strong leadership and strategic foresight. The poem highlights the importance of discipline, preparation, and justice in ensuring the success of a military campaign. Moreover, it emphasizes the role of a ruler in maintaining order and justice, both in times of peace and conflict.

The poem’s portrayal of King Xuan as a wise and just leader reflects the values and ideals of ancient Chinese society, where the ruler was seen as the moral and political center of the state. The success of the Zhou campaign against Xu is presented not just as a military victory but as a triumph of virtue and justice. This enduring message continues to resonate, offering valuable lessons on leadership, strategy, and the ethical responsibilities of those in power.